+ All Categories
Home > Documents > 1 Fundamentals of Management Sixth Edition Robbins and DeCenzo With contributions from Henry Moon...

1 Fundamentals of Management Sixth Edition Robbins and DeCenzo With contributions from Henry Moon...

Date post: 19-Dec-2015
Category:
View: 216 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
Popular Tags:
20
1 Fundamentals of Management Sixth Edition Robbins and DeCenzo With contributions from Henry Moon Fall 2009 Revised by Grace F. Wang Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Foundations of Control 控控控控控 控控控控控
Transcript

1

Fundamentals of ManagementSixth Edition

Robbins and DeCenzoWith contributions from Henry Moon

Fall 2009 Revised by Grace F. Wang

Chapter 13Chapter 13 : : Foundations of Control

控制的基礎控制的基礎

2

What Is Control?

• Control– The process of monitoring activities to ensure that they are

being accomplished as planned and of correcting any significant deviations

– An effective control system ensures that activities are completed in ways that lead to the attainment of the organization’s goals.

– 控制 (control) :用以確保活動能按計畫完成,並修正任何重大偏離的監控程序。

3

Characteristics of Three Approaches

to Control Systems• Market

– Uses external market mechanisms, such as price competition and relative market share, to establish standards used in system to gain competitive advantage.

• Bureaucratic– Emphasizes organizational authority of administrative and

hierarchical mechanisms to ensure appropriate employee behaviors and to meet performance standards.

• Clan– Regulates employee behavior by the shared values, norms,

traditions, rituals, beliefs, and other aspects of the organization’s culture.

4

Characteristics of Three Approaches to Control Systems (by William G . Ouchi in 1980)

設計控制系統的三種方法1.Market control ( 市場控制 ) :

使用外在市場機制建立標準以控制員工之工作績效。此適用於具    有清楚明確易區別之產品或服務且市場競爭激烈之組織。2.Bureaucratic control ( 科層控制 ) :

強調組織職權。使用行政和層級機制設定員工行為與工作績效之   標準。適用於強調組織權力與集權化且高度正式化的組織。3.Clan control ( 團隊控制 ) :

參考該組織文化中之共同價值觀 (the shared values) 、規範、   傳統、儀文、信念和其他層面制定控制標準以規範員工之行為。    此適用於團隊型與科技變更快速的組織。

5

The Importance of Control․Related to planning ․Encouraging managers to delegate

Planning

GoalsObjectivesStrategiesPlans

ControllingStandardsMeasurementsComparisonsActions

LeadingMotivationLeadershipCommunicationIndividual and Group Behavior

Organizing

StructureHuman Resource Management

6

The Control

Process

7

比較實際績效與標準兩者之間的差距

比較實際績效與標準兩者之間的差距

衡量實際績效衡量實際績效

標準是否達成?

標準是否達成?

差異是否可接受?差異是否可接受?

標準是否可接受?標準是否可接受?

修改標準修改標準

不需行動不需行動

不需行動不需行動

尋找差異的原因

尋找差異的原因

修正績效修正績效

目標目標 標準標準

圖表 13-2 控制的程序

8

控制程序•衡量實際的績效•用原訂的績效標準評估實際的績效•採取管理行動來改正偏離或不當的標準

9

Defining an Acceptable Range of Variation

10

South Atlantic’s Distributors’ Sales Performance

for July (hundreds of cases)

BRAND STANDARD ACTUAL OVER (UNDER)

Heineken 1,075 913 (162)

Molson 630 634 4

Beck’s 800 912 112

Moosehead 620 622 2

Labatt’s 540 672 132

Corona 160 140 (20)

Amstel Light 225 220 (5)

Dos Equis 80 65 (15)

Tecate 170 286 116

Total cases 4,300 4,464 164

11

Types of Control 控制的類型

前向性( 事前的控制 )

即時性( 同時的控制 )

回饋性( 事後的控制 )

12

The Qualities Of An Effective Control System

•正確性•及時性 ( 合時性 )•經濟性•彈性•可了解度•合理的準則

•策略性的配置•重視例外狀況•多重標準•修正行動

13

What Contingency Factors Affect the Design of a Control System?

• Size of the organization

• The job/function’s position in the organization’s hierarchy

• Degree of organizational decentralization

• Type of organizational culture

• Importance of the activity to the organization’s success

14

Contingency Factors in the Design of Control

Systems

Exhibit 13.6

ContingencyVariable

Control Recommendations

15

情境變項 控制建議

組織規模小 非正式化、個人化、

走動管理

大 正式化、非個人化、廣泛的規定

地位和層次高 多重標準

低 少且容易衡量的標準

分權的程度高 增加控制的次數

低 減少控制的次數與幅度

組織文化開放和支持 非正式化、自我控

制脅迫 正式化、外加控制

活動的重要性高 精細、廣泛的控制低 鬆散、非正式控制

圖表 13-6 影響控制系統設計的情境因素

16

Contemporary Issues In Control

• The right to personal privacy in the workplace versus:– Employer’s monitoring of employee activities in

the workplace– Employer’s liability for employees creating a

hostile environment– Employer’s need to protect intellectual property

Remember: The computer on your desk belongs to the company.

17

13.6 當代的控制議題•我工作用的電腦真的是我的嗎? •員工偷竊率是否上升?

18

Control Measures for Deterring or Reducing Employee Theft or Fraud

Sources: Based on A. H. Bell and D. M. Smith. “Protecting the Company Against Theft and Fraud,” Workforce Online (www.workforce.com), December 3, 2000; J. D. Hansen, “To Catch a Thief,” Journal of Accountancy, March 2000, pp. 43–46; and J. Greenberg. “The Cognitive Geometry of Employee Theft,” in Dysfunctional Behavior in Organizations: Nonviolent and Deviant Behavior (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1998), pp. 147–93.

19

13.7 創業與控制

•創業家應該如何控制成長?–為成長而規劃–為成長而組織–為成長而控制

20

˙ 維持公開的溝通管道——告訴員工公司裡各項重要議題。˙藉由誠實、公開與直率面對成長組織的挑戰與報酬來建立互信。˙成為良好的傾聽者——了解員工所想的和面對的。˙願意授權。˙保持彈性——如果必要的話,願意改變計畫。˙讓員工知道結果,不管是好或壞,來提供一致與定期的回饋。˙藉由肯定員工的努力來增強每人的貢獻。˙不斷地訓練員工來增加他們的能耐與技能。˙儘管成長,但仍聚焦於創業時的使命。˙成功的事業有賴於所有員工的共同努力,所以應建立與強化「大我」精神。

圖表 13-8 如何建立成長導向的組織文化


Recommended