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1
FundamentalsSuspension & 4-Wheel
Alignment
2
Why Alignment? All Wheels must steer correctly in all
directions
3
How does a car “Get out of alignment”?
Cars do not get out of alignment!! Something Happens!!Worn PartsBent or Broken PartsSomebody Set it WrongOthers???
4
Suspension Types
5
Independent Suspensions
6
Independent Suspensions
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Suspension Types
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Independent Suspensions
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Independent Suspensions
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Independent Suspensions
11
Independent Suspensions
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Independent Suspensions
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Springs
Coil Spring
Torsion Bars
Air Spring
Transverse Leaf(Composite Material)
Multi-Leaf
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Torsion Bars
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Torsion Bars
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Coil Springs
Spring Spring RateRate
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Coil Springs
Spring Spring RateRate
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Coil Springs
Spring Spring RateRate
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Coil Springs
Spring Spring RateRate
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Coil Springs
Spring Spring RateRate
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Leaf SpringsTransverse
Leaf(Composite Material)
Multi-Leaf
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Air Springs
Note: Must turn system off on Ford ProductsNote: Must turn system off on Ford Products
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Shock Absorber Principle
Without Dampening With Dampening Piston Rod Seal
Reserve Fluid
Piston / Valving
Fluid Under Pressure
Base Valve
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Shock Absorber Principle
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Shock Absorber Principle
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Shock Absorber Principle
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Shock Absorber Principle
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Control Arm Bushings
Metal Bushing Rubber Bushing
Inner Pivot Points
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Checking Ball Joints
With Spring on the Lower Control Arm
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Checking Ball Joints
With Spring on the Upper Control Arm
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Wear Indicator Ball Joints
Protruding = GOOD
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Strut Rod
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Stabilizer Bar / Sway Bar
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Steering Linkages
Parallellogram
Cross Steer
Haltenberger
Center Steer
Rack and Pinion
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Steering Gear Principle
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Pitman Arm
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Idler Arm
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Idler Arm Check
1/4”
25 lbs
25 lbs
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Center Link
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Tie Rods / Ends / Sleeves
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Tie Rod Tightening
Incorrect Clamp Alignment
Correct Clamp Alignment
Tie Rod Stud Alignment
Incorrect Correct
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Steering Systems Compared
Parallelogram
Rack & Pinion
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Rack & Pinion Principle
Rack
Pinion
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Power Rack & Pinion System
Power Steering
Pump
Fluid pressure routed
by steering
Return Fluid displaced
by the piston
Spool Valve
Return Fluid
45
Pre-Alignment Inspection
Dry Park Check• Steering Linkage Parts
• Sway Bar System
• Ride Height
• Control Arm Bushings
• Wear Indicator Ball Joints
• Tire Size and Pressure
Raised Position• Load Carrying Ball Joints
• Wheel Bearings
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Tire Wear Pattern Inspection
Even Tread Wear
Center Tread Wear
Both Shoulder
Tread Wear
Feathered or Sawtooth
Tread Wear
Single Shoulder
Tread Wear
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Ride Height
Check Spec Manual for Specs and Measurement Point
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Camber Definition
Lean IN = Negative Lean OUT = Positive
•Tire C/L•Vertical
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Camber Definition
Outside Tire WearInside Tire Wear
Negative PositiveZero
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Camber Pull
Pulls to the side having the most Camber
28” 27”
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Typical Single Point Adjustments
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Typical Dual Point Camber Adjustments
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Asymmetric Control Arms
Caster AdjustmentCaster Adjustment
Camber AdjustmentCamber Adjustment
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Caster Definition
Rearward Tilt = Positive Forward Tilt = Negative
•Steering Pivot Centerline
•Vertical
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Caster Definition
Excessive Positive = Hard SteeringExcessive Negative = InstabilityAdjust under normal load or ElevatedPulls to side having the least Caster
Zero Caster
Negative Caster
Positive Caster
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Caster Adjustment Methods
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Shim Calculations
Shim Camber CasterSize Change Change1/8" 1/2 deg 1 deg1/16" 1/4 deg 1/2 deg1/32" 1/8 deg 1/4 deg1/64" 1/16 deg
Reading
Specifications
Amount of Change
Shims Required
CAMBER CASTER
Combined Shim Amounts
58
Shim Calculations
Reading
Specifications
Amount of Change
Shims Required
CAMBER CASTER
Combined Shim Amounts
.5
0
-.5
1/8”
out 1/8”
out 1/8”
3.5
3.5
0
0
0
0
out 1/8”
out 1/8”
Shim Camber CasterSize Change Change1/8" 1/2 deg 1 deg1/16" 1/4 deg 1/2 deg1/32" 1/8 deg 1/4 deg1/64" 1/16 deg
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Shim Calculations
Reading
Specifications
Amount of Change
Shims Required
CAMBER CASTER
Combined Shim Amounts
.5
.5
0
0
0
0
3.5
2.5
-1
1/8”
in 1/16”
out 1/16”
in 1/16”
out 1/16”
Shim Camber CasterSize Change Change1/8" 1/2 deg 1 deg1/16" 1/4 deg 1/2 deg1/32" 1/8 deg 1/4 deg1/64" 1/16 deg
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Shim Calculations
Reading
Specifications
Amount of Change
Shims Required
CAMBER CASTER
Combined Shim Amounts
.5
0
-.5
1/8”
in 1/8”
in 1/8”
3.5
2.5
-1
1/8”
in 1/16”
out 1/16”
in 3/16”
in 1/16”
Shim Camber CasterSize Change Change1/8" 1/2 deg 1 deg1/16" 1/4 deg 1/2 deg1/32" 1/8 deg 1/4 deg1/64" 1/16 deg
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Using “A-Arm Adjust” Software
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Total Toe
The difference in the distance measured between the leading edges and trailing edges of the wheel and tire assembly, at spindle height.
Total Toe
Total Toe
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Toe Conditions
64
Adjusting Toe
1. Level and Lock Steering Wheel
2. Loosen Tie Rod Adjust Sleeves
3. Adjust One Side to Preferred
3. Adjust the Other Side to Preferred
4. Unlock Steering Wheel, Re-center
5. Readjust Toe if Necessary
65
Thrust Angle
GeometricCenterline
Thrustline
66
Thrust Angle
The Thrust Angle dictates the vehicle's roll direction. The driver steers, in the direction of the Thrust Angle, to compensate for the out of thrust condition. This results in the steering wheel being cocked, in the direction of the Thrust Angle, when the vehicle is in motion.
67
Steering Axis Inclination
The tilt inward of a line drawn between the wheel's pivot points, as viewed from the front of the car, compared to true vertical
SAI
Included Angle
68
Scrub Radius
69
Wide Rim Effect
Scrub Radius changes with rim width & offset
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Steering Axis Inclination
SpindleArc
SAI
Included Angle
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Spindle Diagnostics
Camber is OK SAI is OK Incl’d Angle is OK Spindle is OK
Included Angle
SAI
Camber
Vertical
72
Spindle Diagnostics
Camber is Less SAI is High Incl’d Angle is OK Adjust Camber Spindle is OK
Included Angle
SAI
Camber
Vertical
73
Spindle Diagnostics
Camber is OK SAI is High Incl’d Angle is High Spindle is Damaged
Included Angle
SAI
Camber
Vertical
74
Spindle Diagnostics
Camber is OK SAI is Less Incl’d Angle is LessSpindle is Damaged
Included Angle
SAI
Camber
Vertical
75
FWD Engine Cradle
Lower Inner Pivots
Upper Inner Pivots
76
FWD Engine Cradle
Camber is High SAI is Low Incl’d Angle is OK
Camber is Low SAI is High Incl’d Angle is OK
Cradle Shifted
77
Using Cradle Adjust Software
78
Toe Out On Turns
When a car steers into a turn, the two steerable tires must
turn on two different size circles. The entire car turns
about a common center. This means that the two steerable
tires must turn on two different size angles, with the tire on the
inside of the turn having the greater angle
All Wheels Turn on a Common
Center
20o turn
18o turn
79
Toe Out On Turns
Check Specifications for Inside and Outside Turn Angle
18o turn 20o turn
80
Setback
Setback occurs when one wheel on an axle is set slightly behind the other wheel
on the axle.