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Geronimo, Cochise, Geronimo, Cochise, Mangas Coloradas and the Mangas Coloradas and the

Apache NationApache Nation

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Mangas ColoradasMangas Coloradas or or Dasoda-haeDasoda-hae

(known as (known as Red SleevesRed Sleeves) (c.1793 – ) (c.1793 – January 18, 1863) was an Apache January 18, 1863) was an Apache tribal chief and a member of the tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Chiricahua nation, whose Eastern Chiricahua nation, whose homeland stretched west from the homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New present-day southwestern New Mexico Mexico

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He is regarded by many historians to He is regarded by many historians to be one of the most important Native be one of the most important Native American and Apache leaders of the American and Apache leaders of the 19th century due to his fighting 19th century due to his fighting achievements against White achievements against White intruders from the United States. The intruders from the United States. The name Mangas Coloradas was given name Mangas Coloradas was given to him by Mexicans to him by Mexicans

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During the decades of the 1820s and During the decades of the 1820s and 1830s, the Apaches' main enemy were 1830s, the Apaches' main enemy were the Mexicans, who had won their the Mexicans, who had won their independence from Spain in 1821. By independence from Spain in 1821. By 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on 1835 Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps. After Juan José Compas, Apache scalps. After Juan José Compas, the leader of the Mimbreno Apaches, the leader of the Mimbreno Apaches, was killed for bounty money in 1837, was killed for bounty money in 1837, Mangas became a war leader and began Mangas became a war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans.Mexicans.

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In 1846, when the United In 1846, when the United States went to war with States went to war with Mexico, the Apache Nation Mexico, the Apache Nation promised U.S. soldiers safe promised U.S. soldiers safe passage through Apache passage through Apache lands. Once the U.S. lands. Once the U.S. occupied New Mexico in occupied New Mexico in 1846, Mangas Coloradas 1846, Mangas Coloradas signed a peace treaty, signed a peace treaty, respecting them as respecting them as conquerors of the hated conquerors of the hated Mexican enemy. Mexican enemy.

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An uneasy peace between the An uneasy peace between the Apache and the United States lasted Apache and the United States lasted until an influx of gold miners into until an influx of gold miners into New Mexico's Pinos Altos Mountains New Mexico's Pinos Altos Mountains led to open conflict. led to open conflict.

Mangas was personally attacked by a Mangas was personally attacked by a group of White miners who tied him group of White miners who tied him to a tree and severely flogged him. to a tree and severely flogged him.

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December, 1860, thirty miners December, 1860, thirty miners launched a surprise attack on an launched a surprise attack on an encampment of Bedonkohes on the encampment of Bedonkohes on the west bank of the Mimbres River. west bank of the Mimbres River.

"..."...killed four Indians, wounded killed four Indians, wounded others, and captured thirteen women others, and captured thirteen women and childrenand children."." Shortly after that, Shortly after that, Mangas began raids against U.S. Mangas began raids against U.S. citizens and their property. citizens and their property.

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Mangas Coloradas' daughter Dos-Mangas Coloradas' daughter Dos-Teh-Seh married Cochise, principal Teh-Seh married Cochise, principal chief of the Chokonen Apache. In chief of the Chokonen Apache. In early February 1861, US Army early February 1861, US Army Lieutenant George N. Bascom, Lieutenant George N. Bascom, apparently without orders, lured apparently without orders, lured Cochise, his family and several Cochise, his family and several warriors into a trap at Apache Pass, warriors into a trap at Apache Pass, southeastern Arizona. southeastern Arizona.

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Cochise managed to escape, but his Cochise managed to escape, but his family and warriors remained in family and warriors remained in custody. Negotiations were custody. Negotiations were unsuccessful and fighting erupted. unsuccessful and fighting erupted. This incident, known as the “This incident, known as the “Bascom Bascom AffairAffair," ended with Cochise’s brother ," ended with Cochise’s brother and five other warriors being hanged and five other warriors being hanged by Bascom. by Bascom.

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Later that year, Mangas and Cochise Later that year, Mangas and Cochise struck an alliance, agreeing to drive all struck an alliance, agreeing to drive all Americans out of Apache territory. They Americans out of Apache territory. They were joined in their effort by Juh and were joined in their effort by Juh and Geronimo. Although the goal was never Geronimo. Although the goal was never achieved, the White population in achieved, the White population in Apache territory was greatly reduced Apache territory was greatly reduced for a few years during the Civil War, for a few years during the Civil War, after federal troops had been withdrawn after federal troops had been withdrawn to the east. to the east.

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In the summer of 1862, after recovering In the summer of 1862, after recovering from a bullet wound in the chest, Mangas from a bullet wound in the chest, Mangas Coloradas met with an intermediary to Coloradas met with an intermediary to call for peace. In January 1863, he call for peace. In January 1863, he decided to meet with U.S. military decided to meet with U.S. military leaders at Fort McLane, in southwestern leaders at Fort McLane, in southwestern New Mexico. Mangas arrived under a flag New Mexico. Mangas arrived under a flag of truce to meet with Brigadier General of truce to meet with Brigadier General Joseph Rodman West, an officer of the Joseph Rodman West, an officer of the California militia California militia

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Armed soldiers took Mangas into custody. Armed soldiers took Mangas into custody. West allegedly gave an execution order to West allegedly gave an execution order to the sentries. the sentries. ““Men, that old murderer has Men, that old murderer has got away from every soldier command and got away from every soldier command and has left a trail of blood for 500 miles on has left a trail of blood for 500 miles on the old stage line. I want him dead or alive the old stage line. I want him dead or alive tomorrow morning, do you understand? I tomorrow morning, do you understand? I want him dead.want him dead.

That night Mangas was tortured, shot and That night Mangas was tortured, shot and killed "trying to escape."killed "trying to escape."

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The following day, U.S. soldiers cut The following day, U.S. soldiers cut off his head, boiled it and sent the off his head, boiled it and sent the skull to Orson Squire Fowler, a skull to Orson Squire Fowler, a phrenologist in New York City. phrenologist in New York City.

The murder and mutilation of The murder and mutilation of Mangas' body only increased the Mangas' body only increased the hostility between Apaches and the hostility between Apaches and the United States, with more or less United States, with more or less constant war continuing for nearly constant war continuing for nearly another 25 years.another 25 years.

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CochiseCochise

Cochise (or "Cheis") (c. 1805–June 8, 1874) Cochise (or "Cheis") (c. 1805–June 8, 1874) was one of the most famous Apache leaders was one of the most famous Apache leaders to resist intrusions by Americans during the to resist intrusions by Americans during the 19th century. He was described as a large 19th century. He was described as a large man with a muscular frame, classical man with a muscular frame, classical features, and long black hair which he wore features, and long black hair which he wore in traditional Apache style. He was about in traditional Apache style. He was about 5'10" tall and weighed about 175 lbs. In his 5'10" tall and weighed about 175 lbs. In his own language, his name "Cheis" meant own language, his name "Cheis" meant "having the quality or strength of oak "having the quality or strength of oak

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Cochise and the Chokonen-Cochise and the Chokonen-Chiricahua lived in the area that is Chiricahua lived in the area that is now the northern Mexican region of now the northern Mexican region of Sonora, New Mexico, and Arizona.Sonora, New Mexico, and Arizona.

As Spain and later Mexico attempted As Spain and later Mexico attempted to gain dominion over their lands, the to gain dominion over their lands, the various Chiricahua groups became various Chiricahua groups became increasingly resistant. increasingly resistant.

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Various Chiricahua bands resumed Various Chiricahua bands resumed traditional raiding to acquire what they traditional raiding to acquire what they needed after the Mexicans no longer made needed after the Mexicans no longer made provisions for them (in the 1830s)provisions for them (in the 1830s)

As a result, the Mexican government began As a result, the Mexican government began a series of military operations in order to a series of military operations in order to either capture or neutralize the Chiricahuas, either capture or neutralize the Chiricahuas, but they were fought to a standstill by the but they were fought to a standstill by the Apaches. As part of their attempts at Apaches. As part of their attempts at controlling the Chiricahuas particularly, controlling the Chiricahuas particularly, Mexican forces, often with the help of Mexican forces, often with the help of American and Native American mercenaries, American and Native American mercenaries, began to kill Apache civilians, many times began to kill Apache civilians, many times paying bounties for their scalps. . paying bounties for their scalps. .

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Cochise's father was one of these Cochise's father was one of these victims. This hardened Cochise's victims. This hardened Cochise's resolve and gave the Chiricahuas resolve and gave the Chiricahuas more rationale for vengeance. more rationale for vengeance. Mexican forces did capture Cochise Mexican forces did capture Cochise at one point in 1848 during an at one point in 1848 during an Apache raid on Fronteras, Sonora, Apache raid on Fronteras, Sonora, but they exchanged him for nearly a but they exchanged him for nearly a dozen Mexican prisoners. dozen Mexican prisoners.

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For Cochise, the Americans held For Cochise, the Americans held nothing sacred and had violated the nothing sacred and had violated the rules of war by capturing and killing rules of war by capturing and killing Mangas Coloradas during a parley Mangas Coloradas during a parley session. Cochise and the Apaches session. Cochise and the Apaches continued their raids against American continued their raids against American and Mexican settlements and military and Mexican settlements and military positions throughout the 1860s. positions throughout the 1860s.

Blue dot represents where US Army Lieutenant George N. Bascom met Apache leader Cochise in Apache Pass on February 5, 1861

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Following various skirmishes, Cochise Following various skirmishes, Cochise and his men were gradually driven into and his men were gradually driven into the Dragoon Mountains but were the Dragoon Mountains but were nevertheless able to use the mountains nevertheless able to use the mountains for cover and as a base from which to for cover and as a base from which to continue attacks against the white continue attacks against the white settlements. settlements.

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Cochise managed to evade capture Cochise managed to evade capture and continued his raids against white and continued his raids against white settlements and travelers until 1872. settlements and travelers until 1872. A treaty was finally negotiated by A treaty was finally negotiated by General Oliver O. Howard, with the General Oliver O. Howard, with the help of Tom Jefferds who was help of Tom Jefferds who was Cochise's only white friend Cochise's only white friend

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After making peace, Cochise retired to his After making peace, Cochise retired to his new reservation, with his friend Jeffords as new reservation, with his friend Jeffords as agent, where he died of natural causes agent, where he died of natural causes (probably abdominal cancer) in 1874. He (probably abdominal cancer) in 1874. He was buried in the rocks above one of his was buried in the rocks above one of his favorite camps in Arizona's Dragoon favorite camps in Arizona's Dragoon Mountains, now called Cochise Stronghold. Mountains, now called Cochise Stronghold. Only his people and Tom Jeffords knew the Only his people and Tom Jeffords knew the exact location of his resting place, and they exact location of his resting place, and they took the secret to their graves.took the secret to their graves.

               

Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mountains, southeastern Arizona.

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GeronimoGeronimo(June 16, 1829 – February (June 16, 1829 – February

17, 1909) was a prominent 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of Native American leader of the Chiricahua who fought the Chiricahua who fought against Mexico and the against Mexico and the United States for their United States for their expansion into Apache expansion into Apache tribal lands for several tribal lands for several decades during the Apache decades during the Apache Wars. Wars.

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Allegedly "Geronimo" was the name Allegedly "Geronimo" was the name given to him during a Mexican given to him during a Mexican incident, but his real name was incident, but his real name was GoyaałéGoyaałé from the Chiricahua from the Chiricahua Language meaning "one who yawns"; Language meaning "one who yawns"; often spelled often spelled GoyathlayGoyathlay

Goyahkla was born to the band of Goyahkla was born to the band of the Apache, near Turkey Creek, a the Apache, near Turkey Creek, a tributary of the Gila River in the tributary of the Gila River in the modern-day state of NewMexico modern-day state of NewMexico

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On March 6, 1858, a company of On March 6, 1858, a company of 400 Mexican soldiers from Sonora led 400 Mexican soldiers from Sonora led by Colonel José María Carrasco attacked by Colonel José María Carrasco attacked Goyahkla's camp outside Janos while Goyahkla's camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Among the men were in town trading. Among those killed were Goyahkla's wife, his those killed were Goyahkla's wife, his children, and his mother. His chief, children, and his mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. against the Mexicans.

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Allegedly it was during this incident that Allegedly it was during this incident that the name the name GeronimoGeronimo came about. This came about. This appellation stemmed from a battle in appellation stemmed from a battle in which, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets, which, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets, he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife, causing them to utter with a knife, causing them to utter appeals to Saint Jerome ("Jeronimo!"). appeals to Saint Jerome ("Jeronimo!"). Americans heard this and thought his Americans heard this and thought his name was Geronimo, and the name name was Geronimo, and the name stuck stuck

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Apache raids on Mexican villages were so Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was numerous and brutal that no area was safe. safe.

While Geronimo said he was never a chief, While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was one of many Apache, this meant he was one of many people with special spiritual insights and people with special spiritual insights and abilities known to Apache people as abilities known to Apache people as "Power" "Power"

Among these were the ability to walk Among these were the ability to walk without leaving tracks; the abilities now without leaving tracks; the abilities now known as telekinesis and telepathy; and known as telekinesis and telepathy; and the ability to survive gunshot the ability to survive gunshot

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Though outnumbered, Geronimo fought Though outnumbered, Geronimo fought against both Mexican and United States against both Mexican and United States troops and became famous for his daring troops and became famous for his daring exploits and numerous escapes from capture exploits and numerous escapes from capture from 1858 to 1886.from 1858 to 1886.

At the end of his military career, he led a At the end of his military career, he led a small band of 36 men, women, and children. small band of 36 men, women, and children. They evaded thousands of Mexican and They evaded thousands of Mexican and American troops for over a year, making him American troops for over a year, making him the most famous Native American of the time the most famous Native American of the time and earning him the title of the "worst Indian and earning him the title of the "worst Indian who ever lived" among white settlers who ever lived" among white settlers

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"About two weeks after the escape "About two weeks after the escape there was a report of a family there was a report of a family massacred near Silver City; one girl was massacred near Silver City; one girl was taken alive and hanged from a meat taken alive and hanged from a meat hook jammed under the base of her hook jammed under the base of her skull." His band was one of the last skull." His band was one of the last major forces of independent Native major forces of independent Native American warriors who refused to American warriors who refused to acknowledge the United States acknowledge the United States occupation of the American West. occupation of the American West.

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In 1886, General Nelson A. Miles selected In 1886, General Nelson A. Miles selected Captain Henry Lawton, in command of B Captain Henry Lawton, in command of B Troop, 4Troop, 4thth Cavalry, at Ft. Huachuca and Cavalry, at Ft. Huachuca and First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood to First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood to lead the expedition that captured Geronimo lead the expedition that captured Geronimo

Completely worn out, the little band of Completely worn out, the little band of Apaches returned to the U.S. with Lawton Apaches returned to the U.S. with Lawton and officially surrendered to General Miles and officially surrendered to General Miles on September 4, 1886 at Skeleton Canyon on September 4, 1886 at Skeleton Canyon Arizona Arizona

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When Geronimo surrendered he When Geronimo surrendered he had in his possession a had in his possession a Winchester Model 1876Winchester Model 1876 lever lever action rifle with a silver-washed action rifle with a silver-washed barrel and receiver. It is on display barrel and receiver. It is on display at the United States Military at the United States Military Academy, West Point New York. Academy, West Point New York. Additionally he had a Colt Single Additionally he had a Colt Single Action Army revolver with a nickel Action Army revolver with a nickel finish and ivory stocks and a finish and ivory stocks and a Sheffield Bowie Knife with a Sheffield Bowie Knife with a dagger type of blade and stag dagger type of blade and stag handle made by George handle made by George Wostenholm in an elaborate silver-Wostenholm in an elaborate silver-studded holster and cartridge belt. studded holster and cartridge belt. The revolver, rig, and knife are on The revolver, rig, and knife are on display at the Fort Sill museum display at the Fort Sill museum

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CaptureCapture Geronimo and other Apaches, including the Geronimo and other Apaches, including the

Apache scouts who had helped the army track Apache scouts who had helped the army track him down, were sent as prisoners to Fort him down, were sent as prisoners to Fort Pickens, in Pensacola, Florida, and his family Pickens, in Pensacola, Florida, and his family was sent to Fort Marion. They were reunited was sent to Fort Marion. They were reunited in May 1887, when they were transferred to in May 1887, when they were transferred to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for seven Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for seven years. In 1894, they were moved to Fort Sill, years. In 1894, they were moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In his old age, Geronimo became a Oklahoma. In his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the 1904 World’s Fair in St Louis, where he 1904 World’s Fair in St Louis, where he reportedly rode a ferris wheel and sold reportedly rode a ferris wheel and sold souvenirs and photographs of himself. souvenirs and photographs of himself. However, he was not allowed to return to the However, he was not allowed to return to the land of his birth. He rode in President land of his birth. He rode in President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1905 inaugural parade Theodore Roosevelt’s 1905 inaugural parade

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DeathDeath In February 1909, Geronimo In February 1909, Geronimo

was thrown from his horse while was thrown from his horse while riding home, and had to lie in riding home, and had to lie in the cold all night before a friend the cold all night before a friend found him extremely ill. He died found him extremely ill. He died of pneumonia on February 17, of pneumonia on February 17, 1909, as a prisoner of the 1909, as a prisoner of the United States at Fort Sill, United States at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. On his deathbed, he Oklahoma. On his deathbed, he confessed to his nephew that confessed to his nephew that he regretted his decision to he regretted his decision to surrender. He was buried at surrender. He was buried at Fort Sill in the Apache Indian Fort Sill in the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery Prisoner of War Cemetery