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1
HHydrogen1.0079
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
MetalsTransition
Metals Lanthanides Actinides Other Metals Metalloids Other
Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases
2
HeHelium4.003
3
LiLithium6.941
4
BeBeryllium9.0122
5
BBoron
10.811
6
CCarbon12.011
7
NNitrogen14.007
8
OOxygen15.999
9
FFluorine18.998
10
NeNeon
20.180
11
NaSodium22.990
12
MgMagnesium
24.305
13
AlAluminum26.982
14
SiSilicon
28.086
15
PPhosphorus
30.974
16
SSulfur
32.066
17
ClChlorine35.453
18
ArArgon
39.948
19
KPotassium
39.098
20
CaCalcium40.078
21
ScScandium44.956
22
TiTitanium47.88
23
VVanadium50.942
24
CrChromium51.996
25
MnManganese
54.938
26
FeIron
55.933
27
CoCobalt
58.933
28
NiNickel
58.693
29
CuCopper63.546
30
ZnZinc
65.39
31
GaGallium69.732
32
GeGermanium
72.61
33
AsArsenic74.922
34
SeSelenium
78.09
35
BrBromine79.904
36
KrKrypton84.80
37
RbRubidium
85.468
38
SrStrontium
87.62
39
YYttrium88.906
40
ZrZirconium91.224
41
NbNiobium92.906
42
MoMolybdenum
95.94
43
TcTechnetium
98.907
44
RuRuthenium
101.07
45
RhRhodium102.906
46
PdPalladium106.42
47
AgSilver
107.868
48
CdCadmium112.411
49
InIndium
114.818
50
SnTin
118.71
51
SbAntimony121.760
52
TeTellurium
127.6
53
IIodine
126.904
54
XeXenon
131.29
55
CsCesium132.91
56
BaBarium137.33
*57-71
72
HfHafnium178.49
73
TaTantalum180.948
74
WTungsten183.85
75
ReRhenium186.207
76
OsOsmium190.23
77
IrIridium192.22
78
PtPlatinum195.08
79
AuGold
196.967
80
HgMercury200.59
81
TlThallium204.383
82
PbLead
207.2
83
BiBismuth208.980
84
PoPolonium
[208.982]
85
AtAstatine209.987
86
RnRadon
222.018
87
FrFrancium
[223]
88
RaRadon[226]
**89-103
104
RfRutherfordium
[261]
105
DbDubnium
[262]
106
SgSeaborgium
[266]
107
BhBohrium[264]
108
HsHassium[269]
109
MtMeitnerium
[268]
110
DsDarmstadtium
[269]
111
RgRoentgenium
[272]
112
CnCopernicium
[277]
113
UutUnuntriumunknown
114
FlFlerovium
[289]
115
UupUnunpentium
unknown
116
LvLivermorium
[298]
117
UusUnunseptium
unknown
118
UuoUnunoctiumunknown
*57
LaLanthanum
138.906
58
CeCerium
140.115
59
PrPraseodymium
140.908
60
NdNeodymium
144.24
61
PmPromethium
144.24
62
SmSamarium150.36
63
EuEuropium151.966
64
GdGadolinium
157.25
65
TbTerbium158.925
66
DyDysprosium
162.50
67
HoHolmium164.930
68
ErErbium167.26
69
TmThulium
168.934
70
YbYtterbium173.04
71
LuLutetium174.967
**89
AcActinium227.028
90
ThThorium232.038
91
PaProtactinium
231.036
92
UUranium238.029
93
NpNeptunium237.048
94
PuPlutonium244.064
95
AmAmericium243.061
96
CmCurium
247.070
97
BkBerkelium247.070
98
CfCalifornium251.080
99
EsEinsteinium
[254]
100
FmFermium257.095
101
MdMendelevium
258.1
102
NoNobelium259.101
103
LrLawrencium
[262]
1 1A
2 2A
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 8A
18 8A
1
HHydrogen
1.0079
Atomic Number
Element SymbolElement NameAtomic Mass
Periodic Table
http://www.vincentsapone.com
Atomic mass in [brackets] is for the
most stable isotope .
Separating Mixtures!
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes. When we build and
manufacture things, we have to acquire the necessary elements and substances that we
need. We rarely find pure elements alone in nature. For example, central European
copper is often found mixed with silver. In the 16th century, melting point differences
between the two metals were used to separate them (liquation).
In areas with Uranium deposits we find the fun gas that makes balloons float and our
voices sound funny (helium) mixed with other gasses. Helium is cryogenically separated
from the other gases. Instead of melting it is separated through cooling (different
substances freeze at different temperatures).
Separating mixtures is a big part of Chemistry!
I have accidentally mixed sand, salt and pepper. Oops!
Our Mixture (a physical blend of two or more substance)
1 kg of salt
500g of sand
250g of pepper
Iron filings
Separate this mixture and give me back my ingredients. You may use any of the supplies
in the lab room. If you need something or can’t find something ask!
Explain how you were able to separate the mixture using the physical properties of the materials.
Pure Substance
Elements Compounds
Homogeneous
MATTER
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Examples: Examples:
3
Examples:Examples:
Pure Substance
Elements Compounds
Homogeneous
MATTER
Heterogeneous
Mixtures
Examples: Examples:
4
Examples:Examples:
Chromatography is a method for analyzing mixtures by separating them into the chemicals from which they are made. It can be used to separate mixtures like ink, blood, gasoline, and lipstick. In ink chromatography, you are separating the colored pigments that make up the color of the pen. Even though a pen will only write in one color, the ink is actually made from a mixture of different colored pigments. To perform ink chromatography, you put a small dot of ink to be separated and put it in a solvent. The solvent moves up the paper strip; and, as it travels upward it separates the ink into different colors producing a chromatogram. The chemicals that dissolve best in the solvent will move up the paper strip further than chemicals that do not dissolve as well. What is produced from this method is a chromatogram.
Forensic scientists are able to use ink chromatography to solve crimes by matching documents or stains found at a crime scene to the marker or pen that belongs to a suspect. Forensic scientists analyze the unknown ink and compare it to writing utensils collected from possible suspects. My dog likes to poop in my neighbor’s yards. This morning when I woke up Rex was missing and I found him stabbed to death in a on my back porch with a nasty note written on a piece of paper. I don’t know which one of my neighbors kidnapped and murdered my dog but I have it narrowed down to three suspects. You are going to analyze the ransom note and tell me who killed Rex.
Mr. MaddenUses Expo
Mr. GomesUses Crayola
Mr. NaugleUses Creative
Paper Chromatography
• Separation by inner molecular attractions. Some mixtures have components that “stick” to materials in different ways. These attractions take place at the molecular level.
Chromatography: DNA Electrophoresis
Img via snipview False Convictions!
Separating Mixtures
• Separating mixtures is an important part of chemistry.
• Materials we need for everyday manufacturing are often not found isolated in their pure form.
• How would you separate a mixture of alcohol and water?
Ethanol (C2H6O) Freezes at -114°C and Boils around 72°C
Separating Mixtures
• Crystallization: making sugar crystals on a string separates water from sugar.
• Filtration: pasta can be separated from water using a strainer. You can separate other solid particles from liquids in the same fashion. What is the purpose of a coffee filter? Panning for gold!
• Decantation: if you let a mixture of sand and water still for a while you can carefully pour out the water as the insoluble sand sediments on the bottom. Oil and water can also be decanted.
• Evaporation: boiling a liquid with salt or sugar in it leaves behind the salt or sugar.
• Distillation uses different freezing and boiling points of materials to separate them.
• Chromatography: color separation, dna electrophoresis or separating ink pigments.
• Centrifugation: If you put blood into a centrifuge and spin it really fast it separates into different components.
• Mechanical Separation: you can pick fruit or use a pick to separate gold from rock or simply use your fingers to separate marbles from rocks.
• Electrolysis: separation via electricity!
“Dirty water kills more people than war.”
• There is a global water crisis going on around us. Contaminated groundwater results in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people a year.
• Too much salt makes ocean water unsafe to drink. Could we filter the salt out of ocean water and make it drinkable?
• Filtering removes suspended particles from a solution. Salt dissolves in water, it does not suspend. Filtering does not work.
There is gold in sea water! Enough of it that each person on earth could
have 9lbs of it.
1liter salt water
Oddly enough, drinking salt water kills you through dehydration!!!
1. If you were to drink a liter of salt water you would ingest a lot more salt than your body needs.
2. Your liver can only produce urine that is less salty than sea water.
3. Thus you would need to urinate more liquid than you are drinking to get rid of the excess salt.
Imagine you are stranded on a deserted island without access to any fresh water. You are literally surrounded by trillion of tons of sea water. What happens if you drink it?
The salinity of the water in your cells “wants“ to be balanced with the salinity of the water outside of them. Water will travel in or out of your cells to achieve balance—always from low saline concentrations to high saline concentrations.
If a marathon runner drinks too much water the salinity of the water inside the cells is higher and water travels in via osmosis. The cells swell and this increased pressure causes various complications in the brain.
Electrolyte Balance and Osmosis!
Drinking sea water causes the water outside your cells to have a much higher salinity. The water in your cells leaves via osmosis to dilute the higher salinity water outside it—dehydrating the cells. Drinking salt water is futile.
Images via globetrooper
Distillation: separating liquid solutions through vaporization (liquid to gas) and condensation (gas to liquid).
1. Heat is applied to the liquid solution.
2. Because different liquids have different boiling points, if you adjust the temperature accordingly one will turn into a gas.
3. The gas rises and travels through a tube called a condenser with cold water run through it. This cold water causes the gas to turn back into a liquid.
4. The liquid drains into another container.
Alcohol boils at 72°C and water boils at 100°C
Bear Grylls: filtration and distillation
• http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/27877-man-vs-wild-purifying-water-in-the-wild-video.htm
Hoffman Apparatus: Electrolysis
• “Electrocuting” water (H2O) causes its bonds to break and it separates into H2 and O2
• 2H2O + Electricity 2H2 + O2
Assignment: how do we obtain the following materials? Pick one, research it and present on it (2-3minutes)
• Hydrogen• Silver• Gold• Helium• Sulfur• Mercury• Lead• Copper• Sodium• Chlorine• Air into its components
Helium
• Product of Uranium Ore• Small quantities in natural
gas.• Losing it to space.• Cryogenically separated
from the gas due to physical properties.
• Cryo = icy cold or using different freezing points of materials to separate them.
Questions1. Why is the scope of Chemistry so vast?
2. Why might a firefighter need to know Chemistry?
3. Why might a farmer need to know Chemistry?
4. Why might an astronomer need to know Chemistry?
5. Why might an environmentalist need to know Chemistry?
6. Why is lead added to paint?a. Why is domestic lead paint banned in the US and UK?b. When was it banned?c. Is there still a threat from it today?d. What is lead poisoning?