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Historical Perspective
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Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course
Learning Objectives
• To describe the historical developmentof OSH management over the centuries
• To recall the background to the development of OSHA 1994 and its
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• To recall the background to the development of OSHA 1994 and its underlying philosophy
• To recall the development of occupational safety and health management system
Scope
• OSH before and during the industrial revolution
• Development in OSH management
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• Development in OSH management between the 1930’s and 1970’s
• Development of self-regulation legislation
• Modern OSH management
Early Recognition Of Occupational Diseases
• In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational disease from gold miners.
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• In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described the diseases of miners.
Early Recognition Of Occupational Diseases
• In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis doctors should ask patients about their occupations.
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ask patients about their occupations.
Emergence Of Industrial Accident
• Industrial accidents arose out of the Factory System during the Industrial Revolution in Britain in 18th Century (1700s).
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• Women and children worked as heavy labourers under unsafe and unhealthy workplaces.
Emergence Of Industrial Safety Legislation
• In 1833 English Factory Act was the first effective industrial safety law.
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• It provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes.
Emergence Of Industrial Safety Legislation
• Insurance companies inspected work places and suggested prevention methods
• Problem: Safety became injury and
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• Problem: Safety became injury and insurance oriented
Emergence Of Safety Management
• Role of Herbert W. Heinrich (1930’s),
– Developed Domino Theory and promoted control of workers behaviour.
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• Problem:
• Focused on worker behaviour and not management
• Caused people to think that safety is about policing worker
Emergence Of Safety Management
• Frank Bird (1970) developed Loss Control Theory.
• Suggested that underlying cause of accidents are lack of management controls and poor management
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controls and poor management decisions.
• Problem:
– Not so popular: blames management(responsibility and control).
Emergence Of Safety Management
• In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety(BBS) was introduced;
• Based on Heinrich’s findings.
• Work by recognizing safe work habits and
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• Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards and punishment.
• Problem:
– Focuses on workers and not on hazard or management
– Reward and punishment system have flaws
Emergence Of Safety Management System
• Current development of Occupational Safety And Health management system was driven by two parallel forces:
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A. Self-regulatory legislation in the United Kingdom (1974),
B. Quality management movement
A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety Commission Report noted that:
– there was too many OSH legislation,
– was fragmented,
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– limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace),
– out of date and difficult to update,
– inflexible (prescriptive),
– people thought that safety was what government inspectors enforced.
A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Lord Robens recommended
– Self regulation
• Report resulted in the Health and Safety of
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• Report resulted in the Health and Safety of Workers At Work Act in the UK in 1974
A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in 1984
• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992
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• Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh
A Self-Regulation Legislation
• Features of “Robens style” legislation:
– General duties of care by:
• Employer, employee, manufacturer, designer, supplier
• Duty of employer to make the workplace safe
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• Duty of employer to make the workplace safe
– Consultation with employees through Safety and Health Committees
– Safety and Health Officer as advisor and coordinator
– Improvement and prohibition notices
A Self-Regulation Legislation
Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for management system
ACCIDENT REGULATION/PROGRAMME
Flixborough (1974) CIMAH regulations 1996
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Flixborough (1974) CIMAH regulations 1996
Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” /
Process safety
Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment /
Management system
Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and
Health Management
• There are similar issues in safety management as in quality management
• Example:
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• Example:
– Productivity
– Worker involvement
– Proactive approach
– Scientific approach
– Customer and human rights
Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and
Health Management
• Management system standards:
– ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and
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– ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and ISO 14000 EMS was introduced in 1996
– UK published BS 8800 and Australia AS8401 OSH management systems in 1996
Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and
Health Management
– International and auditable OHSAS 18001 OSH Management System published in 1999
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– ILO approved an OSH management system for governments to adopt during 2000
Summary
– The industrial revolution cause of industrial accidents.
– Laws were enacted to compensate and protect workers in 1833.
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protect workers in 1833.
– Safety management guidelines began with Heinrich and followed by Frank Bird and others.
Summary
– Lord Robens in 1972 recommended self-regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in 1994.
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– Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in OSH management system today.
Summary
- Health problems due to occupation has been known from ancient times
- Industrial accidents became rampant after the
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- Industrial accidents became rampant after the industrial revolution
- Accidents in the 70’s & 80’s resulted in OSH-MS today