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I. Macromolecules – giant moleculesA. Carbohydrates:

1. Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

2. Ratio: 1C : 2H : 1O3. Also known as sugars.4. Main source of energy for living

things.5. Starches – complex molecules used to

store extra sugars.6. Monosaccharide – single sugar.

Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides joined together.

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B. Lipids:1. Compounds made from Carbon + hydrogen.2. Used to store energy + provide

waterproof coverings.3. Categories are fats, oils, and waxes.4. Do not dissolve in water.5. Figure 2-14 page 46

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C.Nucleic Acids:1.Compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

2.Made from nucleotides:a)5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

b)Phosphate groupc)Nitrogenous base:

1)Adenine2)Cytosine3)Thymine4)Guanine

3.Transmits genetic information

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4. Figure 2-15 page 47

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D. Proteins:1. Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen.2. Made up of a long chain of amino acids.

a)Figure 2-16 amino acid

3. Some control cell processes, form muscle and bone, fight disease, and are used for transport.

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E. Positives tests for macromolecules1. Carbohydrates –

a)Pressure of sugar is known when stained with iodine.

b)It stains very dark.2. Lipids – fats + oils

a)Presence of lipid is known by leaving a translucent spot on a brown paper bag.

3. Proteins – a)Presence of a protein is known by

using biuret reagent, turning the solution a purple color.

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II. Cell ComponentsA. History

1. Robert Hooke, 1665a) Viewed thinly sliced pieces of cork

(plant).b) Saw “many little boxes” small

rooms cells.2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1675

a) Viewed living cells

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B. Cell Theory: 3 parts1. All living things are made of 1 or more

cells.2. Cells are the basic unit of life.3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

C. Cell Organization:organelles (nonliving) nucleus

cells (living) muscle cell

tissues (group of same cells) muscles

organs (group of tissues) heart

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organ system (group of different organs) circulatory

systemorganism (different organ systems

combined) you

D. Cell organelles – a cell component that performs specific functions in the cell.1. Cell wall –

a)Surrounds the cell.b)Gives support and protection; very

rigid.c)Made of nonliving cellulose.d)Found in plants, fungi, and most

bacteria.

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2. Cell membrane – a)Outer covering in animal cells.b)Just inside the cell wall in plants.c)Not rigid; can change shape.d)Selectively permeable membrane –

allows some substances to pass through and others not.

e)Composed of 2 lipid layers.Fig 7 – 15 page 184

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3. Nucleus – a)Control center of the cell = brain.b)Surrounded by nuclear membrane.

1)Has tiny nuclear pores used for RNA (ribonucleic acid) to leave the nucleus.

c)Chromosomes (DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid) is located here.

d)Contains nucleolus (used to form ribosomes).

e)Prokaryote – cell W/O a membrane bound nucleus. Pro = no

f)Eukaryote – cell WITH a membrane bound nucleus. Eu = true

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4. Ribosomes – a)Found floating in cytoplasm and

attached to endoplasmic reticulum.b)Composed of RNA.c)Location of protein synthesis.

5. Endoplasmic reticulum E.R. – a)Tubular passage way connecting all

parts of the cell.b)Transportation system for proteins.

6. Golgi Apparatus – a)Closely stacked membranes.b)Receives proteins from E.R. and ships

to cell membrane.c)“Post office” of the cell.

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7. Vacuoles – a)Found in plants.b)Storage tank for food, water,

wastes, and other materials.8. Lysosomes –

a)Digestive activities within the cell.

b)Can eat viruses, bacteria, dead or injured cells, and old organelles.

9. Plastids – a)Plant organelles used for storage.b)Chloroplast – green, stores

chlorophyll.1)Photosynthesis occurs here.

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10.Mitochondria – a)Powerhouse of the cellb)Supplies most of the energy for cell

use.c)Respiration occurs here.

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III. Movement of materials in & out of a cellA. Cell membrane

1. Semi-permeable- allows some substances to pass through & others not.

2. Materials enter & leave by:a) Passive transportb) Active transport

B. Passive Transport- movement of substances across an area without using energy.

1. Diffusion-movement of molecules of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.a) Examples of diffusion-food coloring

in water, kool-aid mix, perfume in the air.

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b)Solute- any substance that is dissolved.

c)Solvent- the substance that is doing the solving.

Ex: ovaltine + milk= chocolate milk (solute) (solvent) (solution)d)Fig. 7-16 pg. 185

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2. Osmosis- movement of water, H2O, into and out of the cell from a greater concentration to a place of lesser concentration.a)A.K.A. diffusion of waterb)Maintains homeostasis- organisms

keep their internal conditions in a biological balance with their environmental.1)Human cells must maintain the

following to live:a) kept at a certain temperature rangeb) supplied with energy from respirationc) bathed in fluidd) cleansed of the wastes

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c) 3 effects on cells by osmosis1)Isotonic- concentration of solute

(dissolved substance) molecules inside and outside a cell are equal.a)Ex:

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2)Hypotonic- concentration of solute molecules is lower outside the cell.a)Ex:

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3)Hypertonic- concentration of solute molecules is higher outside than inside a cell.a)Ex:

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d)Fig. 7-18 pg. 1871)Hypo = O swells up2)Hyper= e shriveled up 0

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d)Turgor pressure-1)Plant cells have cell walls, which

are rigid.2)Cannot fill endlessly, so pressure

builds with more water added.3)This allows plants to “stand up.”

C. Active Transport- movement of any substance across a cell membrane with the use of chemical energy.1.Sodium-potassium pump- sodium (Na+)

is pumped out of the cell and potassium (K+)is pumped in.a)Muscles & nerve cells work this

way.

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2. Endocytosis- large materials are engulfed to enter the cell.a) Ex: Phagocytosis- cytoplasm engulfs large

molecules.

3. Endocytosis- passage of large molecules out of a cell.