1 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)

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Intelligence PreparationIntelligence Preparationof the Battlefield (IPB)of the Battlefield (IPB)

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Task : Describe the four steps of IPB.

Condition: In a classroom environment and given class notes.

Standard: Correctly identify the products and tools developed during the

IPB process.


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• Doctrinal principles of IPB:– Evaluate the battlefield’s effects on friendly and

enemy operations.– Determine the enemy’s possible COAs and arrange

them in the order that the enemy will do them.– Identify key enemy assets (High Value Targets

(HVTs)) for each enemy COA and where they will appear on the battlefield (Target Area of Interest (TAIs)).

– Identify the activities, or lack of activities, and where they will occur on the battlefield. These activities will assist in identifying which COA the enemy adopts.


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• IPB accomplishes the following:– Identifies facts and assumptions about the

battlefield environment and enemy. – Provides direction for intelligence that

supports the command’s chosen COA.– Contributes to complete staff synchronization.


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IPB and the MDMPIPB and the MDMP

DENOTES: Commander’s input

Initial IPB completed

IPB MDMP

Commander’s intial guidanceWarning Order 1

Initial IPB productsRestated missionCommander’s intent and guidanceWarning order 2Staff ProductsBattlefield frameworkPreliminary movement

Wargame resultsTask organizationMission to subordinate unitsCCIR

COA statement and sketches

Decision matrix

Approved COARefined commander’s intentSpecified type of orderSpecified type of rehearsalHPTL

OPLAN/OPORD

IPB productsbrought to the

wargame

Continuous IPB

Mission brief to

commander

UpdateIPB products

complete

Refined IPBcompleted

Receipt of mission

Mission analysis

COA development

COA analysis(wargame)

COAcomparison

COAapproval

Orders production

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1 2

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Define theBattlefieldEnvironment

Describe the Battlefield’sEffects

Evaluate theThreat

Four Steps of IPBFour Steps of IPB

Determine Threat COAs

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Tools for IPBTools for IPB

• Higher Headquarters Operations Order

• Graphics

• Staff Estimates

• References:

• Military References

- Soldiers

- Information Systems (Open Source / Classified)

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Step 1Step 1

Focus

:

ID characteristics of the battlefield that influence friendly and threat ops.

Establish the limits of the area of interest (AI).

ID gaps in current intelligence holdings.

Define the Battlefield Environment

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Characteristics of the Battlefield Terrain. Weather. Logistical infrastructure. Demographics.

Step 1 Define the Step 1 Define the Battlefield EnvironmentBattlefield Environment

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METT-TC.– Mission (combat, support, and stability-increases

specified and implied tasks)– Enemy (uniformed or not)– Terrain (increased areas to analyze)– Troops (more tasks to complete in a more complex

environment) – Time (difficult to determine)– Civilians (various ethnic groups)

Assigned by higher based on METT-TC.

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Area of OperationsArea of Operations

Defined by boundaries: left, right, rear, objective. Of sufficient size to allow completion of mission. CDR has authority and responsibility to operate. AO determination must now consider:

- Increased manpower requirements to seize terrain

- Urban terrain aspects

- Mission requirements for Stability and Support Operations (SOSO)

- Information Operations (IO)

- Restrictive ROE

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Battle SpaceBattle Space

Battle space is conceptual. Higher does not assign it. Determined by CDR – Input from S2 / S3 / Battle staff.

Area in which threat may influence mission,

space, and time.

Serves to focus intelligence development.

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Area of InterestArea of Interest

• The area from which information and intelligence are required to permit planning• Consider the locations of other activities or characteristics of the environment that might influence COAs or the commander’s decisions• Consider any “be prepared” or “on order” missions• Primary consideration is time

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Identify Intelligence Identify Intelligence GapsGaps

OUTSIDE AGENCIES ANP NDS

OUTSIDE ORGANIZATIONS World Health Organizations Other Military Services Media Sources Relief Organizations United Nations Sources

DATABASES Historical Databases Topographical Surveys Intelligence Estimates

SERCHES AND

INTERNET SITES INTERNET Open Sources University Research International Sources

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Success results in:─ Common Operational Picture (COP) of the Operational

Environment

─ Saves time and effort by focusing on those areas and features which will influence COAs and command decisions

Consequences of failure:– Waste time and effort collecting and evaluating intel on features of

the battlefield environment that will not influence success of the command’s mission

– May lead to the command’s surprise and unpreparedness when some overlooked feature of the battlefield exerts an influence on success of the command’s mission


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Step 2Step 2

Terrain Analysis

OCOKA

Weather Analysis

VisibilityWind

PrecipitationCloud

Temperature

Describe theBattlefield’s Effects

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Step 2 Describe the Step 2 Describe the Battlefield’s EffectsBattlefield’s Effects

Analyze the battlefield environment:– Terrain analysis– Weather analysis– Analysis of other characteristics of the battlefield

Describe the battlefield’s effects on threat and friendly capabilities and broad COAs.

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OCOKA

Observations and Fields of Fire. Cover and Concealment. Obstacles. Key Terrain. Avenues of Approach.


(Terrain)(Terrain)

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LOA (PL Gold)

PL Zinc

PL Silver

XX

X

XAA3C

AA4A

AA4B

K1

K3

K7a

K7b

K4

K5

K6

K8

K9

K2

SEVERLY RESTRICTIVE TERRAIN

RESTRICTIVE TERRAIN

UNFORDABLE RIVEROR RESERVOIR

FORDABLE RIVER

CITY/VILLAGE

KEY TERRAIN

+

+

Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)

Other Obstacles

+

MCOOAA 1

Mobility CorridorsAvenues of Approach

Existing counter-mobility obstaclesKey Terrain

Surface Drainage

Vegetation

Combined Obstacle Overlay (COO)

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Weather Effect (WX) Weather Effect (WX) ResourcesResources

Staff Weather Officer (SWO) Aviation WX Team.

Air Force Resources. INTERNET. Weather Radio.

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TEMP HIGH 110 LOW 76 F

WIND NNW at 19 mph

CEILING > 5000 FT VISIBILITY > 3000M

PRECIP LIGHT

7 JAN 7 JAN

8 JAN 8 JAN

9 JAN 9 JANSR:0649

1200 2400 0600 12001800

SS:1705

SS:1706MS:0716

BMNT:0435

LIGHT TABLE

SR:06:47

BMNT:0437

SS:1704

BMNT:0436

SR:0648

MS:0630

MS:0549EENT:1949

EENT:1950

EENT:1951

Light & Weather EffectsLight & Weather Effects

HUMIDITY 93%

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PERIOD 270600LDEC to 010600LJAN

ImpactedItems

Clouds Precip Wind Visibility Temp

NBC

ADA

Armor

Artillery

Aviation

CSS

ENG

Personnel

No Impact Moderate Impact Severe ImpactEffectiveness 25-75% Effectiveness 0-25%

Weather EffectsWeather Effects

Intel

F E F E F E F E F E

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Demographics: Identify population groups that are sympathetic, neutral, and hostile.

Infrastructure of the Battlefield: Airfields, roads, railways and Host Nation Support capabilities.

Step 2 Describe theStep 2 Describe theBattlefield’s Effects Battlefield’s Effects

(Other Effects)(Other Effects)

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Step 2 Describe theStep 2 Describe theBattlefield’s Effects Battlefield’s Effects

(Other Effects)(Other Effects)AREAS: Locations or aspects of the terrain that normally have no military significance.

STRUCTURES: Location, function, and capabilities of structures and their ability to support military operations.

CAPABILITIES: Who provides key functions or services to populace?

ORGANIZATIONS: NGO, terrorist groups, and criminals.

PEOPLE : Civilians that could influence the military mission (both inside and outside AO).

EVENTS : Activities that impact civilian lives or military operations.

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Success results in:- Allowing the commander to quickly choose

and exploit the terrain that best supports the friendly mission.

Consequences of failure: - The commander will fail to exploit the

opportunities that the environment provides.

- The threat will find and exploit opportunities in a manner the commander did not anticipate.

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Step 3Step 3

Determination of threat:

Capabilities.

Doctrinal principles.

TTPs.Evaluate the Threat

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9 Order of Battle Factors

Composition Logistics Support

Disposition Combat Effectiveness

Strength Electronic Data Material

Preferred Tactics Training Status

Miscellaneous Data

CapabilitiesCapabilities

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Update or create threat models:

- Convert threat doctrine or patterns of operation to graphics (situational templates)

- Describe in words the threat’s tactics and options - Identify High Value Targets (HVTs)

Identify Threat Capabilities: includes not only range of available weapons systems, but upgrades to those systems, to include innovations of systems (ex. IED).

Step 3 Evaluate the ThreatStep 3 Evaluate the Threat

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Step 3 Evaluate the ThreatStep 3 Evaluate the Threat SOSO Considerations:

Threat ID becomes more difficult.- Lack of uniforms and equipment- Varying levels of organizationIncreased threat options.- Terrorist-type activity

Large scale demolitionsCovert collection and operations

- Unconventional & Conventional Capability- Effective environment for Economy of Force missions:

Sniper Mortars Booby Traps IEDs RPGs

D cell Batteries

Electric BlastingCap

Car Alarm

Firing Wire

Explosive Charge

http://www.nodo50.org/csca/iraq/cierre_lapices/nens-iraq.jpg

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Mission Requirements

Threat Capabilities

SOSO Key Individuals IO Targets

Combat Operations Casualty Producing Weapons Systems. C2 Structure

Reverse BOS Analysis

Determine THREAT HVTs

BASED ON:


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Success results in:– Allowing the commander to know what the threat

is and is not capable of and trained to do in similar situations.

Consequences of failure:– The staff will lack the intelligence needed for

planning.

– The threat will surprise the friendly force with capabilities for which the S2 failed to account.

– The staff may waste time and effort planning against threat capabilities that do not exist.


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Step 4Step 4

Situation Template(s). Adaptive Operations. Pattern Analysis. Event Template. Event Matrix.

ECOAs

Replicate the set of COAs that the threat CDR and his staff are considering.

Determine

Threat

COAs

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Step 4 Determine Step 4 Determine Threat COAsThreat COAs

Identify the threat’s likely objectives and desired end state.

Determine system capabilities and vulnerabilities.

Identify the full set of ECOAs available to the threat.

Evaluate and prioritize each ECOA. Develop each ECOA in the amount of detail

time allows. Identify initial collection requirements.

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Situation TemplatesSituation Templates

Graphic depiction of the threat, with terrain and weather constraints, at a particular location and time of an operation.

Focus on the key area agreed upon by the S2 and the S3.

Determine critical events.

May need more than one SITTEMP per ECOA.

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Determine the snapshot in time to depict the enemy.

Adjust the SITTEMP and battlefield framework IAW:

- Weather and Terrain Effects- Threat Doctrine / Preferred Tactics

Template 2 levels down from YOUR unit. Depict all BOS / Special Munitions available to the

threat, as they support each ECOA. Address the full spectrum of enemy capabilities. Use correct symbology.

Guidelines for DepictingGuidelines for Depicting SITTEMPsSITTEMPs

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• EVALUATE THE THREAT:– Composition, disposition, strength, tactics, combat

effectiveness

• DETERMINE THREAT COURSES OF ACTIONThreatModel

MCOO

EN COAs

FIRE SAC

FIRE SAC SITTEMP

Conventional Warfare Situational Template Conventional Warfare Situational Template (SITTEMP)(SITTEMP)

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• Destruction of all enemy maneuver elements

• Overwhelm with echelons

• Attack from march to timetable

• Rely on use of massed artillery systems

Destroy key systems. Eliminate resolve. Neutralize technological

overmatch. “Create a window of

opportunity”. Preserve own combat

power.

Regional Operations Adaptive Operations


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Event-based not

Maneuver-based

Events Intended Effects Desired End State

Sniper

Bombing

Mortar Attack

ObserveOnly

Loss ofPublic

Support

LowerMorale

Operationtoo long

Operationtoo costly

• ANA Fails• CF Leaves

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Incident Overlay.Incident Overlay.

Pattern Analysis Plot Chart.Pattern Analysis Plot Chart.

Time-event Chart.Time-event Chart.

Association and Activities Matrix.Association and Activities Matrix.

Link Diagram.Link Diagram.

Tools to help determine Threat TTPs and Patterns Analysis:


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Step 4 DetermineStep 4 DetermineThreat COAs Threat COAs

Incident Overlay: HeratIncident Overlay: Herat

VBIED

Rocket/Mortor Point of Impact

K

Kidnapping

K

K

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DETAINEES

CACHE

RECON

BOMB

DRIVE BY

PROPOGANDA

DIRECT ACTION

AMBUSH

MORTAR

CHEMICAL

PARAMILITARY

CAMP

138 11109 12

7 14

0001 L

0600 L

1200 L

0400 L

0200 L

1000 L

0800 L

2000 L

1600 L

1400 L

2200 L

1800 L 6

How are the threat’s activities related?


Pattern Analysis:

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Are we creating patterns? Does our pattern coincide with threat activities?

HN LIAISON

CHECK PT OPS

SECURITY PATROL

BUB (KEY LDR MOVEMENT)

LOGPACK

138 11109 12

7 14

0001 L

0600 L

1200 L

0400 L

0200 L

1000 L

0800 L

1900 L

1600 L

1400 L

2200 L

1800 L 6


Pattern Analysis:

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Name one

Name two

Name three

Name four


Association Matrix:

Suspected

Known

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Activities Matrix:

Name one

Name two

Name three

Name four

PS

YO

PS

INT

EL

TE

RR

OR

ISM

PR

OP

AG

AN

DA

TR

AIN

ING

Suspected

Known

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C

Finance


Link Diagram:

Foreign Support

A B

D

Training

Logistics

E

Recruiting

G

H

I

Propaganda

Intel

F Kidnapping

Extortion

J

K

Terror

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Event Template: Identifies critical enemy activity locations. Guide for intelligence collection, and Intel Surveillance Recon (ISR) planning.

Event Matrix: Supports Event template. Provides details on:

- Type Threat activity expected in NAI- Time the NAI is expected to be active- Relationship to other events on the

battlefield


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Event Template (EVENT TEMP)Event Template (EVENT TEMP)

• On each Situation template identify locations to look for enemy activity• Focus on locations and activities that assist in identifying which COA the enemy has chosen• The key locations that you choose are called Named Areas of Interest (NAI)• The event template will help in development of the Reconnaissance & Surveillance Plan

MAP

Enemy SITTEMP 3

Enemy SITTEMP 2

MCOO

Enemy SITTEMP 1

H+1

H+2

NAI3

NAI1

NAI2

Event Template

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Event Matrix ExampleEvent Matrix Example

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Why have an ISR plan?Why have an ISR plan?

UNIT START REPORTING REMARKS

Tasking PIR NAI LOCATION STOP EVENT OR INDICATOR

SCT 1945fixing force moves south on Rt

Red

Surveillance 1 B2 CH512420 2145 6 BTRs & 3 T-72 moving south

R&S Tasking Matrix

Fill in information gaps.Answer Commander’s PIR.Support Commander’s decision making.

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Targeted Area of Interest (TAI)Targeted Area of Interest (TAI)TemplateTemplate

• Identify locations and events where the enemy may employ high value targets (HVTs).

• These locations become TAIs.

• TAIs are areas where the friendly commander can influence the action by fire and/or maneuver.

MAP

Enemy SITTEMP 3

Enemy SITTEMP 2

MCOOEnemy SITTEMP 1

H+1

H+2

NAI3

NAI1

NAI2

A

B

TAI Template

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Friendly Course of Action (COA) Friendly Course of Action (COA) DevelopmentDevelopment

• The staff develops friendly COAs based on the commander’s guidance and the facts and assumptions identified during IPB and Mission Analysis.

MAP

Enemy Most Probable COA

MCOO

H+1

H+2

NAI3

NAI1

NAI2

A

B

TAI Template

I

I I

Friendly COA

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Decision Point and Critical Event Decision Point and Critical Event DevelopmentDevelopment

• Decision points are identified when the staff wargames the enemy and friendly COAs.

• During the wargame the staff identifies all the critical events, locations, times and decisions that both friendly and enemy commanders must make.

• Using the action/reaction/counteraction drill, information is added to the TAI/event template.

• At the completion of the wargaming process the TAI/event template becomes the decision support template.

• The Decision Support Template is a graphic form of the synchronization matrix

MAP

Enemy Most Probable COA

MCOO

Friendly COA

II

I Decision Support Template

H+1

H+2

NAI3

NAI1

NAI2

A

B

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What collection assets What collection assets does your unit have?does your unit have?

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Step 4 Determine Step 4 Determine Threat COAs Threat COAs

Success results in:– The commander and staff will avoid being

surprised with an unanticipated threat action.

– You will be able to quickly narrow the set of possible threat COAs to the one he has chosen.

Consequences of failure:– You will fail to identify which of the possible COAs

the threat has chosen, leading to surprise of the friendly command.

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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

1 2

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Define theBattlefieldEnvironment

Describe the Battlefield’sEffects

Evaluate thethreat

Determine Threat COAs

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1 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)

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