1.Relevance and History ofMicrobiologyGeneral MicrobiologyBIO 211Dr. Miller

2. ObjectivesIntroduction to Microbiology Learn the scope and range of microbiology study(ubiquity and diversity) Describe broad taxonomic classifications ofmicroorganisms Understand the importance of microorganismsand the effect they have on human populations Describe the advent of the microbiology fieldfrom a historical perspective 3. What is microbiology?1. Micro: too small to be seen with the nakedeye2. Bio: life3. Logy: study ofIn general microbiology is the study ofmicroorganisms 4. Microorganisms are DIVERSE!!! Microorganisms are found across everytaxonomic group Bacteria (Bacteria and Archaea) Fungi (Fungi/Myceteae) Protozoa (Protista) Algae (Protista) Parasites (Animalia) Viruses ( ? ) 5. System of Classification Five Kingdom systemhttp://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/FiveKingdoms%20Animals2.jpg 6. System of Classification Three Domain System 7. System of Classification Six Kingdom System 8. System of ClassificationDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesHumans E. coli (6 Kingdom)Eukarya Bacteria/EubacteriaAnimalia Bacteria/EubacteriaChordata ProteobacteriaMammalia Gama ProteobacteriaPrimates EnterobacterialesHominidae EnterobacteriaceaeHomo EscherichiaH. sapiens E. coli 9. Microorganisms are UBIQUITIOUS!!! Microorganisms are found nearly everywhere On/in bodies On surfaces In the air In water In extreme environments: deep sea thermalvents, polar ice caps, sulfur and salty lakes 10. Microorganisms are IMPORTANT!!!(positive)1. Nutrient production and energy flow Engage in photosynthesis Produce oxygen Food chain2. Decomposition and nutrient recycling Recycle chemical elements and direct them back to naturalcycles of living organisms.3. Biotechnology/Genetic Engineering Can be manipulated to produce proteins for our use (i.e.insulin, human growth hormone) Used as a genetic model organism4. Bioremediation Used to restore stability or clean up pollutants 11. Microorganisms are IMPORTANT!!!(negative)Impact on Human Health Only 1% of known bacteria cause human disease Annual world wide death toll from infections is 12million people 3 million from malaria alone 12. Worldwide Infectious Disease 13. Notice how many deaths are caused by microorganisms Notice the difference between the US and worldwideToday we understand the impact microorganisms have on ourlife. Historically their importance was not recognized! 14. Historical Perspective 400 B.C. Hippocrates Medicine is distinct from theology and philosophy Set forth ethical standards for the practice of medicine 100 B.C. Roman scholars Proposed that tiny animals entered the mouth and noseto cause disease Disease, infection, and death was recognized ascontagious and perhaps even caused by minutebodies or foul foreign earthly bodies however, theirstudy was inhibited due to a lack of scientific tools. 542-1650 A.D. The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 10sof millions of people in the Mediterranean and Europe.Jewish population less affected due to Hebrew sanitationlaws 15. Spontaneous Generation Existed ~300B.C. through the mid 1800s Theory that microorganisms arose from non-living things (seeing is believing) Maggots from dead meat Bacteria from old broth As long as people believed that living couldarise from non-living there was no need tounderstand how diseases were transmittedand controlled!!! 16. Beginning of Microbiology Scientists (and others) began to changetraditional ideas about disease andmicroorganisms in the mid 1600s1. Tools Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch merchant): 1670s. 1stlenses and later the 1st to examine/document livingmicroorganisms Robert Hooke (English scientist): Used a compoundmicroscope . Coined the term cell.2. New hypothesis (theory): Germ Theory of Disease Microorganisms can invade other organisms and causedisease Met with lots of resistance from the scientific community(previous theory lasted for 2100 years) 17. Germ Theory of DiseaseProponents Francesco Redi (Italian physician): 1688http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/redi.jpghttp://www.rmutphysics.com/CHARUD/scibook/bio2/chapter6/image/spallanzani-experiment.jpg John Needham(English priest): 1748 Lazzaro Spallanzani(Italian priest): 1760s Challenges spontaneous generation Tested decaying meats ability to producemaggots Challenges spontaneous generation Boiled broth and sealed it 18. Germ Theory of DiseaseProponents Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Austrianphysician): 1847 Introduced hand washing practices Childbed fever (decrease the mortality rate from 35% to 1%) Largely ignored during his lifetime Joseph Lister (English surgeon): 1867 Introduced phenol as a disinfectant Decrease post-operative infections 19. Germ Theory of DiseaseProponents-The Final Blowhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_wYOqE4H4V6U/Rdo8-Y1pj8I/AAAAAAAAACQ/hsehi4O0DV0/s200/1_6.gif John Tyndall (Englishphysicist): 1860s Louis Pasteur (Frenchchemist): 1861 Swan neck flasks Placed sealed flasks of boiled infusions inan airtight box. After the dust settledhe removed the covers from the flasks.The flasks remained sterile.First evidence against spontaneousgeneration was in 1688. Wasntfinally accepted by the scientificcommunity until 1861. 20. Other Significant Events inMicrobiology History 1796: Edward Jenner introduces cowpoxvaccination for smallpox 1838 & 1839: Schwann and Schleidenpropose cell theory Plants and animals are made up of cells These cells are essential to the structure andfunction of organisms 1884: Hans Christian Gram develops theGram stain technique 21. Other Significant Events inMicrobiology History1876: Identifies Bacillusanthracis as the causative agentof anthrax1882: IdentifiesMycobacterium tuberculosis asthe causative agent oftuberculosis1884: Develops Kochspostulates. Still used today inidentifying causative agents ofdisease1857: Developed pasteurization1861: Refuted spontaneousgeneration1881: Developed anthrax vaccine1885: Developed rabies vaccineLouis PasteurRobert Koch 22. Other Significant Events inMicrobiology History 1903: Wright and others discover antibodies 1929: Alexander Fleming discovers the first antibiotic(penicillin) 1953: Watson and Crick propose DNA double helix 1954: Jonas Salk develops polio vaccine 1976: First whole genome to be sequenced (RNA virus) 1979: Smallpox is officially declared eradicated 1983: HIV is isolated and identified 1990: First human gene therapy 1995: First bacterial genome is sequenced 2002: Infectious poliovirus is made from basic chemicalsSIGNIFICANT findings are still being made today! 23. Conclusions Microorganisms span all taxonomic kingdoms Microorganisms can be found everywhere Microorganisms have vast impact on the environment,the ecosystem, and human life (give examples) Our current understanding of microbiology is the resultof the work of thousands of microbiologists overhundreds of years The advent of the microscope is what really began thestudy of microbiology The Golden Era of Microbiology resulted in hugeadvancements in this field Great achievements are still being reached today 24. Suggested Reading Chapter 4: Prokarytoic cells