1 INTRO_def & Stuct Types

7/23/2019 1 INTRO_def & Stuct Types

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GEOLOGI STRUKTUR


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THE DYNAMIC EARTHTHE DYNAMIC EARTH

EVIDENCE OF DYNAMICEVIDENCE OF DYNAMICEARTHEARTH

TOPOGRAPHY: MountainTOPOGRAPHY: Mountainranges, island ars,ranges, island ars,

tren!estren!es

EARTH"#A$E% : Ma&orEARTH"#A$E% : Ma&or'aults'aults

VO(CANI%M: )Ring o'VO(CANI%M: )Ring o'

'ires* +Ciru Pai'i'ires* +Ciru Pai'i- Ciru Mediterrane.- Ciru Mediterrane.

(Sapiie, 2006


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%O#RCE OF EARTH %TRE%% FIE(D%O#RCE OF EARTH %TRE%% FIE(D

TECTONIC FORCE%TECTONIC FORCE% (Sapiie, 2006


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/OR(D %TRE%% MAP/OR(D %TRE%% MAP

GMI, 2001GMI, 2001

(Sapiie, 2006


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Structural Geology : Study deformation of the rocksStructural Geology : Study deformation of the rocks

Deformation = Changes in rocks caused by ForceDeformation = Changes in rocks caused by Force

Force =Force = Stress (Stress ())

Changes (Place, ength, !olume, "ngle) =Changes (Place, ength, !olume, "ngle) = Strain (Strain ())

Basic Concept of DeformationBasic Concept of Deformation


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STRESS TYPESSTRESS TYPES

(Sapiie, 200


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Term for Stress a! StraiTerm for Stress a! Strai

STRESS (s)STRESS (s) STRAIN (e)STRAIN (e)

CompressionCompression Shortening (Contraction)Shortening (Contraction)

TensionTension Lengthening (extension)Lengthening (extension)


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Le"e# of St$!% i Str$&t$ra# Geo#o'%Le"e# of St$!% i Str$&t$ra# Geo#o'%

"llmandinger (#$%&)"llmandinger (#$%&)


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JENIS STRUTUR !E"L"!IJENIS STRUTUR !E"L"!I

# $enis str%&t%r f%n'amenta # $enis str%&t%r f%n'amenta Bi'ang onta&* St%&t%r +rimer 'an Str%&t%r Se&%n'erBi'ang onta&* St%&t%r +rimer 'an Str%&t%r Se&%n'er

Bi'ang onta&Bi'ang onta& a'aah ,atas antar $enis ,at%an* -anga'aah ,atas antar $enis ,at%an* -angmencermin&an s%at% proses geoogi. Bi'ang &onta& / &onta&mencermin&an s%at% proses geoogi. Bi'ang &onta& / &onta&se'imentasi (norma)* &eti'a&searasan* &onta& intr%si*se'imentasi (norma)* &eti'a&searasan* &onta& intr%si*&onta& te&toni& ,er%pa ,i'ang sesar ata% 0ona sesar&onta& te&toni& ,er%pa ,i'ang sesar ata% 0ona sesar

Str%&t%r +rimerStr%&t%r +rimer a'aah str%&t%r 'aam ,at%an -anga'aah str%&t%r 'aam ,at%an -ang,er&em,ang pa'a saat ata% ,ersamaan 'engan proses,er&em,ang pa'a saat ata% ,ersamaan 'engan prosespem,ent%&ann-a. +a'a %m%mn-a str%&t%r ini merefe&si&anpem,ent%&ann-a. +a'a %m%mn-a str%&t%r ini merefe&si&an&on'isi o&a 'ari ing&%ngan pengen'apan ,at%an&on'isi o&a 'ari ing&%ngan pengen'apan ,at%anterse,%t.terse,%t. Contohn-a ,i'ang perapisan pa'a ,at%an se'imenContohn-a ,i'ang perapisan pa'a ,at%an se'imen

str%&t%r se'imen sepertistr%&t%r se'imen seperti gradded01eddinggradded01edding** ross01edding,ross01edding,ri2le ar3sri2le ar3s'an'an urent ri2lesurent ri2les pa'a ,at%pasir.pa'a ,at%pasir. Str%&t%rStr%&t%r&e&ar &oom*&e&ar &oom* ro24ro24'an'an 5esiular +gas 5esile.5esiular +gas 5esile.pa'a a1a.pa'a a1a.

Catatan : %tru3tur 2rier dala 1atuan sedien a3an engi3utiCatatan : %tru3tur 2rier dala 1atuan sedien a3an engi3uti!u3u0!u3u dasar sedientologi, isaln4a su2er2osisi ndan!u3u0!u3u dasar sedientologi, isaln4a su2er2osisi ndan

3esina1ungan lateral63esina1ungan lateral6


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T2+ES "3 STRUCTUREST2+ES "3 STRUCTURES

C'"CS P"*C'"CS P"*

P+-"+. S+/C/+*SP+-"+. S+/C/+*S

S*C'D"+. S+/C/+*SS*C'D"+. S+/C/+*S

(stratigra0hic 1 structural contacts)(stratigra0hic 1 structural contacts)


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P+-"+. S+/C/+*SP+-"+. S+/C/+*S


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S*D-*"+. 2*DDGS*D-*"+. 2*DDG


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!eoogica La4s!eoogica La4s


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Geologic LawsGeologic Laws S$perpositioS$perpositio Ori'ia# oriota#it%Ori'ia# oriota#it% Ori'ia# *oti$it%Ori'ia# *oti$it%

UiformitariaismUiformitariaism *ross+&$tti' Re#atiosip*ross+&$tti' Re#atiosip I$siosI$sios -a$a# S$&&essio-a$a# S$&&essio

Missing strataMissing strata U&oformit%U&oformit% *orre#atio*orre#atio

GEOLOGI* L./SGEOLOGI* L./S


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I aI a $!ist$re!$!ist$re!ro& se$e&e, te ottomro& se$e&e, te ottom#a%er of ro& is o#!er ta te #a%er ao"e it, or#a%er of ro& is o#!er ta te #a%er ao"e it, or

Te %o$'er strata at te top i aTe %o$'er strata at te top i a $!ist$re!$!ist$re!se$e&e of se!imetar% ro&sse$e&e of se!imetar% ro&s33

Law of SuperpositionLaw of Superposition


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U!ist$re! straU!ist$re! stra


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4ist$re! (!eforme!) strata4ist$re! (!eforme!) strata


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Se!imetar% ro&s are #ai! !o5 iSe!imetar% ro&s are #ai! !o5 i

oriota# or ear#% oriota# #a%ers, ororiota# or ear#% oriota# #a%ers, or Se!imetar% strata are #ai! !o5 ear#%Se!imetar% strata are #ai! !o5 ear#%oriota##% a! are essetia##% para#e# tooriota##% a! are essetia##% para#e# tote s$rfa&e $po 5i& te% a&$mm$#atete s$rfa&e $po 5i& te% a&$mm$#ate

Law of original horizontalityLaw of original horizontality


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Law of Original ContinuityLaw of Original Continuity

Te ori'ia# &oti$it% of 5ater+#ai!Te ori'ia# &oti$it% of 5ater+#ai!

se!imetar% strata is termiate! o#% %se!imetar% strata is termiate! o#% %pi&i' o$t a'aits te asi ofpi&i' o$t a'aits te asi of

!epositio, at te time of teir !epositio!epositio, at te time of teir !epositio


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Grand Canyon, USA


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ames $tto (1726+ames $tto (1726+

1787)1787) S&ottisS&ottis

'eo#o'ist !e"e#ope! te'eo#o'ist !e"e#ope! te

#a5s of 'eo#o'%#a5s of 'eo#o'%

Uiformitariaism is aUiformitariaism is a&orerstoe of 'eo#o'%&orerstoe of 'eo#o'%

*osi!ere! te -ater*osi!ere! te -ater

of Mo!er Geo#o'%of Mo!er Geo#o'%

UniformitarianismUniformitarianism


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MO4I-IE4 ST.TEME9TMO4I-IE4 ST.TEME9T

The present is the key to the past"The present is the key to the past"


Te pro&esses (p#ate te&toi&s, mo$taiTe pro&esses (p#ate te&toi&s, mo$tai$i#!i', erosio) 5e see to!a% are$i#!i', erosio) 5e see to!a% aree#ie"e! to a"e ee o&&$rri' si&e tee#ie"e! to a"e ee o&&$rri' si&e te

Eart 5as forme!3Eart 5as forme!3

::


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Te ti' !oi' te &$tti' is %o$'erTe ti' !oi' te &$tti' is %o$'er

ta te ti' ei' &$t3ta te ti' ei' &$t3

Law of Crosscutting !elationshipLaw of Crosscutting !elationship

-i! o$t te &ross+&$tti-i! o$t te &ross+&$tti

re#atiosip;re#atiosip;

f l i


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Te i$!e! ro& is o#!er ta te ro& aro$! itTe i$!e! ro& is o#!er ta te ro& aro$! it

Law of nclusionsLaw of nclusions

1313 State te pri&ip#e of i$siosState te pri&ip#e of i$sios

2323 I te ao"e !ia'rams #ist te strata, teir or!er ofI te ao"e !ia'rams #ist te strata, teir or!er of

o&&$rre&e from o#!est to %o$'esto&&$rre&e from o#!est to %o$'est

3 /at is te at$re of te &ota&t ?+?=:/at is te at$re of te &ota&t ?+?=:

f l S i


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-ossi#s o&&$r i a !e@ite, i"aria#e-ossi#s o&&$r i a !e@ite, i"aria#ese$e&e i te 'eo#o'i& re&or!3se$e&e i te 'eo#o'i& re&or!3

Law of #aunal SuccessionLaw of #aunal Succession

f i $ f iU f i $ C f i


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Unconformity an$ ConformityUnconformity an$ Conformity

f iU f it


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Gaps i te ro& re&or! &a$se! %Gaps i te ro& re&or! &a$se! %

5eateri', erosio, a! "o#&ai& a&tio35eateri', erosio, a! "o#&ai& a&tio3

UnconformityUnconformity

U f iU f it


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UnconformityUnconformity4e"e#opmet of4e"e#opmet of

a'$#ar $&oformit%a'$#ar $&oformit%

U f itU f it


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Se!imetar%Se!imetar%

ro& (1)ro& (1)

Se!imetar%Se!imetar%

ro&s (2)ro&s (2)

U f itU f it


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U f itU f it


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UnconformityUnconformity4e"e#opmet of a !is&oformit%4e"e#opmet of a !is&oformit%

4epositio of4epositio ofro&s 1, 2, ro&s 1, 2,

Up#ift, A erosioUp#ift, A erosioof ro&s of ro&s

S$si!e&e AS$si!e&e A!epositio!epositio

of ro&s 6 A 7of ro&s 6 A 7

Sea #e"e#Sea #e"e#

4is&oformit4is&oformit

U f itU f it


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UnconformityUnconformity4is&oformit%4is&oformit%

Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks

(1)(1)

Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks

(2)(2)

U f itUnconformit


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UnconformityUnconformity4e"e#opmet of a o&oformit%4e"e#opmet of a o&oformit%

4epositio of4epositio ofro&s A K3ro&s A K3Itr$sio orItr$sio or

metamorpismmetamorpismof ro&s IMof ro&s IM

Up#ift, A erosioUp#ift, A erosioof ro&s , K,of ro&s , K,A IMA IM

S$si!e&e AS$si!e&e A!epositio!epositioof ro&s P A Bof ro&s P A B

Sea #e"e#Sea #e"e#

9o&oformit9o&oformit

U f itUnconformity


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Igneous rockIgneous rock

SedimentarySedimentaryrocksrocks

9o&oformit%9o&oformit%

U f itUnconformity


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CorrelationCorrelation


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Te mat&i' of ro&Te mat&i' of ro&

o$t&rops of oeo$t&rops of oe

re'io to tose ofre'io to tose of

aoter re'io3aoter re'io3

Geo#o'ists $seGeo#o'ists $sefossi#s, $i$e ro&s,fossi#s, $i$e ro&s,

or miera# feat$resor miera# feat$res

to mat& te #a%ers3to mat& te #a%ers3




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CorrelationCorrelationSe$e&e of se!imetar%Se$e&e of se!imetar%ro& 5it &omp#ete re&or!ro& 5it &omp#ete re&or!of !epositioof !epositio

Se$e&e so5s a reaSe$e&e so5s a reai te re&or! as i!i&ate!i te re&or! as i!i&ate!% &orre#ata#e fossi#s% &orre#ata#e fossi#s

4ase! #ies i!i&ate4ase! #ies i!i&ate

&orre#atio of ro& $its&orre#atio of ro& $itset5ee te t5o areaset5ee te t5o areas

4is&oformit%4is&oformit%



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Str%&t%r Se&%n'erStr%&t%r Se&%n'er a'aah str%&t%r -ang ter,ent%&a'aah str%&t%r -ang ter,ent%&a&i,at ga-a (force) seteah proses pem,ent%&ana&i,at ga-a (force) seteah proses pem,ent%&an

,at%an* ,ai& ,at%an ,e&%* ,at%an se'imen ma%p%n,at%an* ,ai& ,at%an ,e&%* ,at%an se'imen ma%p%n

,at%an metamorf.,at%an metamorf.


Str%&t%r se&%n'erStr%&t%r se&%n'er3ract%res3ract%res

JointJointShear 3ract%res (e&ar ger%s)Shear 3ract%res (e&ar ger%s)

Sic&enines (!ores5garis)Sic&enines (!ores5garis)

6ein6ein

3a%t (Sesar)3a%t (Sesar)3o' (+eripatan)3o' (+eripatan)

Cea1ageCea1age

3oiasi3oiasi

LineasiLineasi

SEC"NDAR2 STRUCTURES (t t i t tSEC"NDAR2 STRUCTURES (t t i t t


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SEC"NDAR2 STRUCTURES (tectonic str%ct%reSEC"NDAR2 STRUCTURES (tectonic str%ct%re

nca& Ja-a 7i$a-a (+ap%a)nca& Ja-a 7i$a-a (+ap%a)


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#33 -#33 -

nca& Ja-a 7i$a-a (+ap%a)nca& Ja-a 7i$a-a (+ap%a)(Sapiie* 899:)(Sapiie* 899:)

+*G'" SC"* F'DS+*G'" SC"* F'DS


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+*G'" SC"* F'DS+*G'" SC"* F'DS

(Sapiie* 899:)

F+"C/+*S (4'S) "D !*SF+"C/+*S (4'S) "D !*S


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F+"C/+*S (4'S) "D !*SF+"C/+*S (4'S) "D !*S

(Sapiie* 899:)

S.S*-"C F+"C/+*SS.S*-"C F+"C/+*S


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S.S*-"C F+"C/+*SS.S*-"C F+"C/+*S

(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/GF"/G


45/73

F"/GF"/G

..

??

..

(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/GF"/G


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F"/GF"/G

(-odified from 5ill, 633#)(-odified from 5ill, 633#)

....

..

Strati'rapi& MarerStrati'rapi& Marer

(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/G "D F'DGF"/G "D F'DG


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F"/G "D F'DGF"/G "D F'DG

(-odified from 5ill, 633#)(-odified from 5ill, 633#)(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/ 7'* -"*+"S (i th h )F"/ 7'* -"*+"S (in th sh n s)


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F"/ 7'* -"*+"S (in the shear 8ones)F"/ 7'* -"*+"S (in the shear 8ones)

(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/ 7'* P*+-*"2.F"/ 7'* P*+-*"2.


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F"/ 7'* P*+-*"2.F"/ 7'* P*+-*"2.

PERME.?LE:PERME.?LE:

OROR9O9+PERME.?LE9O9+PERME.?LE

(Sapiie* 899:)

F"/G "D F/D F'9 (indicated by eins in the fault 8ones)F"/G "D F/D F'9 (indicated by eins in the fault 8ones)


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F"/G "D F/D F'9 (indicated by eins in the fault 8ones)F"/G "D F/D F'9 (indicated by eins in the fault 8ones)

5ill, 633#5ill, 633#(Sapiie* 899:)

24 .94


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24 .94


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C'+* "D -"G* 'G D""C'+* "D -"G* 'G D""

(Sapiie* 899:)

S+/C/+" G*''G.S+/C/+" G*''G.


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Study of rockStudy of rock DeformationDeformationas +es0onse toas +es0onse toForces and StressesForces and Stresses

noling -otion of +igid 2odynoling -otion of +igid 2ody

F"C'+ C'+'G D*F'+-"'F"C'+ C'+'G D*F'+-"'

+5*''G.+5*''G.

SC"* (Fractal Conce0ts)SC"* (Fractal Conce0ts)-* (Strain +ate)-* (Strain +ate)

S+/C/+" G*''G.S+/C/+" G*''G.

+5*''G. (sifat mekanik batuan)


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+5*''G. (sifat mekanik batuan)

2+* D/C*

(Sapiie* 899:)

S*.LE -.*TORS*.LE -.*TOR


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S*.LE -.*TORS*.LE -.*TOR

(Mo!i@e! from Meas, 1876(Mo!i@e! from Meas, 1876

(Sapiie* 899:)


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Scale ermScale erm

Global ; Scale of the entire ; #3; #3??kmkm

+egional or Proincial ;+egional or Proincial ; 0hysiogra0hic 0roince or mountain range0hysiogra0hic 0roince or mountain range

-acrosco0ic or -a0 Scale ;-acrosco0ic or -a0 Scale ; coerage area #3 ; #3coerage area #3 ; #366kmkm66

-esosco0ic ;-esosco0ic ; outcro0 of hand sam0le scaleoutcro0 of hand sam0le scale#3#3@?@?; #3; #3@#@#kmkm

-icrosco0ic ;-icrosco0ic ; isible


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S+/C/+*S *+P+*"'S+/C/+*S *+P+*"'

BB "D DP D'-" -*5'DBB "D DP D'-" -*5'D


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BB F'DBB F'D

DP D'-"DP D'-"

BB "D DP D'-" -*5'DB B D D D * D

(Sapiie* 899:)

S*S-C *+P+*"' /SG DP D'-"S*S-C *+P+*"' /SG DP D'-"


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S* S- * * ' /S G D D'-

(Sapiie* 899:)

+emote Sensing+emote Sensing


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+emote Sensing+emote Sensing

(Sapiie* 899:)

#ol$s#ol$s


61/73

Cir'i .tiie,Cir'i .tiie,

So$ter UtaSo$ter Uta

#ol$s

#ol$s#ol$s


62/73

-o#!e! .ppa#a&ias, ear-o#!e! .ppa#a&ias, ear

arris$r', P.arris$r', P.

Near Harrisburg, PA, Source: NASA

#ol$s

#ol$s#ol$s


63/73

S%ie+.tiiePairs

D 4omes at a'rosMts, Ira

NASA Earth as Art web page

#ol$s#ol$s


64/73

Gre"i##e 4omeF Siair, /YGre"i##e 4omeF Siair, /Y

S+/C/+" -"PPG 5*P FDG 'S+/C/+" -"PPG 5*P FDG '


65/73

Si' (200


66/73

4a"is, G3 3 a! Re%o#!s, S3 3, 1886,4a"is, G3 3 a! Re%o#!s, S3 3, 1886, Str$&t$ra# Geo#o'% ofStr$&t$ra# Geo#o'% of

Ro& a! Re'iosRo& a! Re'ios, 2! e!itio, o a! /i#e% a! Sos, I&3,, 2! e!itio, o a! /i#e% a! Sos, I&3,

776 p3776 p3

Kear%, P3,a! Cie, -33, 1880,Kear%, P3,a! Cie, -33, 1880, G#oa# Te&toi&sG#oa# Te&toi&s ?#a&5e## S&i3 ?#a&5e## S&i3

P$3P$3

Lo5e##,3 43, 18H,, OG*I P$#i&atio, >H0 p3Lo5e##,3 43, 18H,, OG*I P$#i&atio, >H0 p3Str$&t$ra# St%#es iStr$&t$ra# St%#es i

Petro#e$m EJp#oratioPetro#e$m EJp#oratio

Par, R3 G3, 18HH,Par, R3 G3, 18HH, Geo#o'i&a# Str$&t$res a! Mo"i' P#ates,Geo#o'i&a# Str$&t$res a! Mo"i' P#ates,

?#a&ie, G#as'o5 a! Lo!o,


67/73

THANK YOU

SC"+E "3 STRUCTURALSC"+E "3 STRUCTURALANAL2SISANAL2SIS


68/73

. STRAIN;:. Strain inematic mo'es 9f

str.;?. ",ser1. of strain in 'eforme'

rx;@. esoscopic aspects of rx

'eform Rheo Exp.;. esoscopic aspects of rx

'eform ech 3a,.89. %antitati1e scae mo'es

9f rx 'eform8;. +RINCI+AL TECT"NIC 3eat%res

of the Earth88. ANAT"2 "3 "R"!ENIC BELTS



69/73

UniformitarianismUniformitarianism is ase! o teis ase! o te

premise tatFpremise tatF te p%si&a# a! &emi&a# #a5s ofte p%si&a# a! &emi&a# #a5s of

at$re a"e remaie! te sameat$re a"e remaie! te same

tro$' timetro$' time

preset+!a% pro&esses a"e operate!preset+!a% pro&esses a"e operate!tro$'o$t 'eo#o'i& timetro$'o$t 'eo#o'i& time

rates a! itesities of 'eo#o'i&rates a! itesities of 'eo#o'i&

pro&esses, a! teir res$#ts ma% a"epro&esses, a! teir res$#ts ma% a"e

&a'e! 5it time&a'e! 5it time

To iterpret 'eo#o'i& e"etsTo iterpret 'eo#o'i& e"etsfromfrom

e"i!e&e preser"e! i ro&se"i!e&e preser"e! i ro&s

5e m$st @rst5e m$st @rst $!ersta! preset+!a%$!ersta! preset+!a%Uniformitarianism is a cornerstone of geologyUniformitarianism is a cornerstone of geology



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Te &o&ept ($iformitariaism), f$!ameta# toTe &o&ept ($iformitariaism), f$!ameta# to'eo#o'%F Pro&esses 5i& operate at preset'eo#o'%F Pro&esses 5i& operate at preset

a#so operate! i te past, a! pro!$&es tea#so operate! i te past, a! pro!$&es tesame res$#ts3same res$#ts3Tese pro&esses ee! ot a"e operate! at teTese pro&esses ee! ot a"e operate! at tesame rate, or at te same itesit%3same rate, or at te same itesit%3

Sa%i'Sa%i' The present is the key to theThe present is the key to the

past%past% 5i& is &ommo#% oere! as5i& is &ommo#% oere! asa !e@itio= of $iformitariaisme,a !e@itio= of $iformitariaisme,is &osi!era#e o"ersimp#i@&atio3is &osi!era#e o"ersimp#i@&atio3

Te !e'ree of &orre#atio et5ee a&iet a!Te !e'ree of &orre#atio et5ee a&iet a!mo!er pro&esses !e&reases as te timemo!er pro&esses !e&reases as te time

iter"a# i&reases, e3'3 i eras prior to teiter"a# i&reases, e3'3 i eras prior to teemer'e&e of #a! "e'etatio, 5eateri' a!emer'e&e of #a! "e'etatio, 5eateri' a!erosio m$st a"e ee !ieret i &ara&tererosio m$st a"e ee !ieret i &ara&tera! itesit% &ompare! 5it to!a%a! itesit% &ompare! 5it to!a%

/itte, 4G. a! ?roos, RC3 18773 The &enguin 'ictionary of Geology3Mi!!#eseJF Pe $i ?oos3 3 >663

Law of Crosscutting !elationshipLaw of Crosscutting !elationship


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g p

o5 ma% &ross+&$tti' re#atiosips are tere:o5 ma% &ross+&$tti' re#atiosips are tere:

F+"C/+*S SP"CG "D D*S.F+"C/+*S SP"CG "D D*S.


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