8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

1/25

Prof. Yasmeiny YazirProf. Yasmeiny YazirDr.Abdul Majid SpPDDr.Abdul Majid SpPD--KKVKKV

Department of Physiology

Faculty of Medicine

University Sumatera Utara, Medan

Indonesia

CONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEM

Introduction

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

2/25

Function of Control

System:

Activities of all tissues must

be co-ordinated to maintainnormal function and to ensure

survival of the organism.

The organism must respond to

chemical and physical

changes in environment

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

3/25

HomeostasisH

omeostasisMaintenance of constancy of theinternal environment ( milieu )

Dynamic steady state ofthe internal environment

Changes in the internal

environment around cells

in the body automaticallyinitiate responses to

minimize effects of the

change.

Regulation of the internalRegulation of the internalenvironment in orderenvironment in order to maintainto maintain

life processeslife processes

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

4/25

HOMEOSTASI

S

The maintenance of

relatively stable

conditions inside the

body.

Small changes do occurwithin narrow limits.

These changesoccur in response

to changes in the

external

environment. Involves careful

control and

integration of

bodily functions.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

5/25

Control &Control &

IntegrationIntegration

NervesNerves

rapidresponserapidresponsemillimilli--secondsseconds

shortdurationshortduration

secondsseconds

HormonesHormones

slower responseslower responseminutes/hours/daysminutes/hours/days

sustained durationsustained duration

days/months/yearsdays/months/years

Eg. Pain/withdrawal reflex Eg. Growth/pregnancy

The Nervousand Endocrine SystemsThe Nervousand Endocrine Systems

areare Integ

rated.Integrated.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

6/25

Homeostasis and

Feedback Control

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Nervous systemEndocrine system

Regulates mainly

muscular and

secretory activities

Regulates mainly

the metabolic

function

Regulation

of

Body Function

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

7/25

Nervous System

The master controlling and

communicating system of the body

Functions Sensory input monitoring stimuli

occurring inside and outside the body

Integration interpretation of sensory

input Motor output response to stimuli by

activating effector organs

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

8/25

Endocrine system

Maintenance of the internal

environment in the body

Integration and regulation of growthand development.

Control, maintenance and instigation

of sexual reproduction, including

gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization,

fetal growth and development and

nourishment of the newborn.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

9/25

NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITHNERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH

TH

E ENDOC

RINE SYSTEM?TH

E ENDOC

RINE SYSTEM?EndocrinetissueinnervatedEndocrinetissueinnervated

SomeneuronsproducehormonesSomeneuronsproducehormones

NeurosecretorycellsdoNeurosecretorycellsdonotnotmakemakesynapticconnections, butinsteadsynapticconnections, butinstead

releaseneurohormonesinto bloodreleaseneurohormonesinto blood

stream.stream.

Thus,apartofthenervoussystemisThus,apartofthenervoussystemis

apartoftheendocrinesystem.apartoftheendocrinesystem.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

10/25

NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

PROPERTIYPROPERTIY NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM

AnatomicAnatomic wiredsystem;specificstructuralwiredsystem;specificstructural

arrangement betweenneurons &arrangement betweenneurons &

theirtargetcellstheirtargetcells

wirelesssystem,widelywirelesssystem,widely

dispersed & notstructurallydispersed & notstructurally

relatedtotheirtargetcellsrelatedtotheirtargetcells

TypeofChemicalTypeofChemical

messengermessenger

NeurotransmitterreleasedintoNeurotransmitterreleasedinto

synapticcleftsynapticcleft

Hormonesreleaseinto bloodHormonesreleaseinto blood

DistanceofactionDistanceofactionofchemicalmessengerofchemicalmessenger

VeryshortdistanceVeryshortdistance Longdistance (carried byLongdistance (carried byblood)blood)

MeansofspecificityMeansofspecificity

ofactionontargetcellofactionontargetcell

DependentoncloseanatomicDependentoncloseanatomic

relationship betweennervecell &relationship betweennervecell &

theirtargetcellstheirtargetcells

DependentonspecifityofDependentonspecifityof

targetcell binding &targetcell binding &

responsivenesstoaparticularresponsivenesstoaparticular

hormonehormone

SpeedofresponseSpeedofresponse Rapid (milliseconds)Rapid (milliseconds) Slow (minutestohour)Slow (minutestohour)

DurationofactionDurationofaction Brief (millisecond)Brief(millisecond) Long (minutestodaysorLong (minutestodaysor

longer)longer)

MajorfunctionMajorfunction Coordinatesrapid,preciseCoordinatesrapid,precise

responsesresponses

ControlsactivitiesthatrequireControlsactivitiesthatrequire

longdurationratherthanlongdurationratherthan

speed.speed.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

11/25

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

12/25

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

13/25

ControlofBodyControlofBody

FunctionsFunctions

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

OrgansareOrgansareclassifiedintoclassifiedinto

systemssystemsbasedonbasedon

theirfunction.theirfunction.

Organsystemsarecomposedoftwoormoredifferentorgans

thatworktogethertoprovidea

commonfunction.

There are 1010

major organmajor organsystemssystems in the

human body, they are

the:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

14/25

Skeletal

System:

Muscular

System:

Circulatory

System:

Nervous

System:

Respiratory

System:Digestive

System:

Excretory

System:

Endocrine

System:

Reproductive

System:

Lymphatic/Immun

e System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

15/25

Major Role:

The main role of the skeletal

system is to provide support for

the body, to protect delicate

internal organs and to provide

attachment sites for the organs.

Major Organs:Bones, cartilage, tendons and

ligaments

Skeletal

System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

16/25

Major Role:

Themainroleofthemuscularsystem

istoprovidemovement. Muscles

workinpairstomovelimbsand

providetheorganismwithmobility. Musclesalsocontrolthe

movementofmaterialsthroughsome

organs,suchasthestomachand

intestine,andtheheartand

circulatorysystem.

Major Organs:

Skeletalmusclesandsmooth

musclesthroughoutthe body.

Muscular System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

17/25

Major Role:Themainroleofthecirculatory

systemistotransportnutrients,gases (suchasoxygenand CO2),

hormonesandwastesthroughthe

body.

Major Organs:Heart, bloodvesselsand blood

Circulatory System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

18/25

Major Role:

Themainroleofthenervoussystem

istorelayelectricalsignalsthrough

the body. Thenervoussystem

directs behaviourandmovementand,alongwiththeendocrine

system,controlsphysiological

processessuchasdigestion,

circulation,etc.

Major Organs:Brain,spinalcordandperipheral

nerves

Nervous System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

19/25

Respiratory System:

Major Role:Themainroleoftherespiratory

systemistoprovidegas

exchange betweenthe bloodand

theenvironment. Primarily,

oxygenisabsorbedfromthe

atmosphereintothe bodyand

carbondioxideisexpelledfromthe body

.Major Organs:Nose,tracheaandlungs.

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

20/25

Major Role:Themainroleofthe

digestivesystemisto

breakdownandabsorbnutrientsthatarenecessary

forgrowthandmaintenance.

Major Organs:Mouth,esophagus,stomach,

smallandlargeintestines.

Digestive System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

21/25

Major Role:

Themainroleoftheexcretory

systemistofilteroutcellular

wastes,toxinsandexcesswaterornutrientsfromthe

circulatorysystem.

Major Organs:

Kidneys,ureters, bladderand

urethra.

Excretory System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

22/25

Major Role:

Themainroleoftheendocrine

systemistorelaychemicalmessages

throughthe body. Inconjunctionwith

thenervoussystem,thesechemicalmessageshelpcontrolphysiological

processessuchasnutrient

absorption,growth,etc.

Major Organs:Manyglandsexistinthe bodythat

secreteendocrinehormones. Among

thesearethehypothalamus,pituitary,

thyroid,pancreasandadrenalglands.

Endocrine System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

23/25

Major Role:

Themainroleofthereproductive

systemistomanufacturecellsthat

allowreproduction. Inthemale,

spermarecreatedtoinseminateeggcellsproducedinthefemale.

Major Organs:

Female (top):ovaries,oviducts,

uterus,vaginaandmammary

glands.

Male (bottom):testes,seminal

vesiclesandpenis.

Reproductive System:

Female: Male:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

24/25

Major Role:

Themainroleoftheimmune

systemistodestroyandremoveinvadingmicrobesandviruses

fromthe body. Thelymphatic

systemalsoremovesfatand

excessfluidsfromthe blood.

Major Organs:

Lymph,lymphnodesandvessels,

white bloodcells, T- andB- cells.

Lymphatic/Immune System:

8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System

25/25