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1
Introduction
"Internet Protocol version 6"
Presenter Veena Merz
Manager Cisco Networking Area Academy
IPv6 Introduction 2
Why a new Version for IP ?
Objective To describes the problems of the IPv4
Internet and how they are solved by IPv6.
IPv6 Introduction 3
IPv4
The current version of IP (known as Version 4 or IPv4) has not been substantially changed since RFC 791 was published in 1981.
IPv4 has proven to be robust, easily implemented and interoperable
It has stood the test of scaling an internetwork to a global utility the size of today’s Internet.
This is a tribute to its initial design.
IPv6 Introduction 5
Limitations of IPv4 1992 : Commercial activity and exponential growth
The recent exponential growth of the Internet and the impending exhaustion of the IPv4 address space.
IPv4 addresses have become relatively scarce, forcing some organizations to use a Network Address Translator (NAT) to map multiple private addresses to a single public IP address.
While NATs promote reuse of the private address space, they do not support standards-based network layer security or the correct mapping of all higher layer protocols
Additionally, the rising prominence of Internet-connected devices and appliances ensures that the public IPv4 address space will eventually be depleted.
IPv6 Introduction 6
Limitations of IPv4
The growth of the Internet and the ability of Internet backbone routers to maintain large routing tables. Because of the way that IPv4 address prefixes have been
and are currently allocated, there are routinely over 85,000 routes in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers.
The current IPv4 Internet routing infrastructure is a combination of both flat and hierarchical routing.
IPv6 Introduction 7
Limitations of IPv4
The need for simpler configuration. Most current IPv4 implementations must be
either manually configured or use a stateful address configuration protocol such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
With more computers and devices using IP, there is a need for a simpler and more automatic configuration of addresses and other configuration settings that do not rely on the administration of a DHCP infrastructure.
IPv6 Introduction 8
Limitations of IPv4
The requirement for security at the IP level
Private communication over a public medium like the Internet requires encryption services that protect the data being sent from being viewed or modified in transit.
Although a standard now exists for providing security for IPv4 packets (known as Internet Protocol security or IPsec), this standard is optional and proprietary solutions are prevalent.
IPv6 Introduction 9
Limitations of IPv4
The need for better support for real-time delivery of data—also called quality of service (QoS)
While standards for QoS exist for IPv4, real-time traffic support relies on the IPv4 Type of Service (TOS) field and the identification of the payload, typically using a UDP or TCP port.
Unfortunately, the IPv4 TOS field has limited functionality and over time there were various local interpretations.
In addition, payload identification using a TCP and UDP port is not possible when the IPv4 packet payload is encrypted.
IPv6 Introduction 10
IPv4/8 Address Space Status (Sept. 2005)
Sources from NRO (Number Resource Organization)
IPv6 Introduction 11
Status of 256 /8sIPv4 Address Space
APNIC, 24
ARIN, 27
LACNIC, 4
RIPE NCC, 24
Multicast, 16
IANA Reserved, 49
Central Registry, 93
AfriNIC, 1Experimental, 16
Public Use, 1
Private Use, 1
http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
IPv6 Introduction 12
IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
AfriNIC
APNIC
ARIN
LACNIC
RIPE NCC
Yearly Comparison
IPv6 Introduction 13
IPv4 AllocationsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
AfriNIC, 0.73, 1%
APNIC , 18.25, 32%
ARIN , 17.24, 30%
LACNIC, 2.23, 4%
RIPE NCC, 18.60, 33%
IPv6 Introduction 14
ASN Assignments RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
AfriNIC
APNIC
ARIN
LACNIC
RIPE NCC
Yearly Comparison
IPv6 Introduction 15
ASN AssignmentsRIRs to LIRs/ISPs
APNIC, 3938, 12%
ARIN, 15684, 46%
LACNIC, 941, 3%
RIPE NCC, 12960, 38%
AfriNIC, 235, 1%
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 – Jun 2007)
IPv6 Introduction 16
IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
1
73
132
198
0
50
100
150
200
250
AfriNIC APNIC ARIN LACNIC RIPE NCC
issued as /23s prior to Oct 06
IPv6 Introduction 17
IANA IPv6 Allocations to RIRs
RIR IPv6 Address
AfriNIC 2C00:0000::/12
APNIC 2400:0000::/12
ARIN 2600:0000::/12
LACNIC 2800:0000::/12
RIPE NCC 2A00:0000::/12
issued Oct 06
IPv6 Introduction 18
IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
AfriNIC
APNIC
ARIN
LACNIC
RIPE NCC
Yearly Comparison
IPv6 Introduction 19
IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
AfriNIC, 33, 2%
APNIC, 296, 22%
ARIN, 263, 20%
LACNIC, 97, 7%
RIPE NCC, 653, 49%
Cumulative Total (Jan 1999 – Jun 2007)
IPv6 Introduction 20
Links to RIR StatisticsRIR Stats:
www.nro.net/statistics
Raw Data/Historical RIR Allocations:www.aso.icann.org/stats
www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space
www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers
www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-unicast-address-assignments
IPv6 Introduction 22
1. CIDR …
Allocate exceptionally class B addresses Re-use class C address space CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing)
RFC 1519 (PS) network address = prefix/prefix length less address waste allows aggregation (reduces routing table size)
IPv6 Introduction 23
2. NAT
Advantages Reduce the need of
official addresses Ease the internal
addressing plan Transparent to some
applications “Security”–Netadmins/
sysadmin
Disadvantages Translation sometime
complex (e.g. FTP) Apps using dynamic ports Does not scale Introduce states inside the
network: Multihomednetworks
Breaks the end-to-end paradigm–
Security with IPsec=>
IPv6 Introduction 24
3. Private Addresses(RFC 1918 BCP)
Allow private addressing plans Addresses are used internally Similar to security architecture with firewall Use of proxies or NAT to go outside
RFC 1631, 2663 and 2993 NAT-PT is the most commonly used of NAT
variations
IPv6 Introduction 29
IPv6 Features
New header format Large address space Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing
infrastructure Stateless and stateful address configuration Built-in security Better support for prioritized delivery New protocol for neighboring node interaction Extensibility
IPv6 Introduction 31
IPv5 Overview The Internet Stream Protocol (ST) was an experimental
protocol defined in 1979 in IEN 119 (Internet Engineering Note), and was later revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2+).
ST was experimental packet carrying non - IP real- time stream protocol.
ST was envisioned to be the connection oriented complement to IPv4, but it has never been introduced for public usage.
Many of the concepts available in ST can be found today in MPLS.
IPv5 never existed. In datagram mode, ST was assigned Internet Protocol version
number 5. The version number "5" in the IP header was assigned to ST. ST was never widely used, but since the version number 5 had
already been allocated the new version