1-Introduction to Computer

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Introduction to Computer and Programming**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM

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Objective

This class is designed to explore computing and to introduce you to the art of computer programming.

You will develop a sense of style and theory of knowledge for programs that will help your programming. You will be introduced to the design principles for writing good programs.

This course teaches not only the mechanics of programming, but also how to create programs that are easy to read, maintain, and debug. **VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


Learning Outcomes

Knowledge of structured programming in program designWriting programs in CProgram documentation skillsProgram testing skills**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


Course Content:-Introduction to Computer and Basic Computers ArchitectureMemory Hierarchy. Computer Applications. Programming Language hierarchy. Algorithms, Pseudo codes and flowcharts, testing and debugging, Introduction to Operating system as user interface, Introduction to Input and Output Devices.

Number system & representation - Fixed and Floating point numbers, Complement of numbers and arithmetic operations. Character and Instruction Representation

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Course Content (cont..)

C-programming:-Data types, User interaction. Structured programming, Selection. Control flow. Looping control structure Arrays and stringsPointers. Functions Structures and Unions. Enumerations. Preprocessor. Iteration and Recursion.**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


Text Book:T1. Introduction to computers, Peter NortonT2. Let Us C, 8th edition, Yashwant Kanetkar, BPB PublictionT3. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMH

References:R1. Fundamental of Computers V. Raja Raman R2. Spirit of C, H. Cooper and H. Mullish, Jaico Publishing HouseR3. Programming with C, Bryon Gottfried, TMHR4. A book on C, AL Kelley, IRA Pohl, Pearson EducationR5. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMHR6. Understanding Pointers in C, Yashwant Kanetkar **VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Definitions of ComputerIt is an electronic machine that accepts input information, processes it according to a list of instructions and produces the resulting output information.Charles Babbage is considered as thefather of computers.VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Input unitOutput unitMemory unitBlock Diagram of Digital Computer SystemVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Control Unit


Description of various Functional Unit of Computer

Input Unit:-It is a device that is used to give required information to the computer, example keyboard, mouse etcMemory Unit:-It is to store programs and data.Arithmetic and Logic Units:-It is responsible for performing arithmetic operations and logical operationsOutput Unit:-It is used to display the processed result to the user;example:-monitor,printer etc.Control Unit:-It coordinates and controls the Activities amongst various functional units.



von Neumann ArchitectureSequential operationAutomatic (without human intervention)Five elements:InputOutputMemoryArithmetic UnitControl**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


A complete computer system includes four distinct parts:HardwareSoftwareDataUserThe Parts of a Computer System**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can see and touch.The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc.

The Parts of a Computer System - HardwareVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


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Software - Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is often called a program.Two types: System SoftwareA system software is any computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. Ex:Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are prominent examples of system software.

Application SoftwareApplication software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image.

The Parts of a Computer System - Software*VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM*


Application Software: Word Processing Spreadsheets Graphics Databases Entertainment Educational Communications Presentation*VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM*


Application software and system softwarework together to bring computer in life.*VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM*


Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers.Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images.The Parts of a Computer System - Data**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**People are the computer's operators, or users.

Some types of computers can operate without much intervention from people, but personal computers are designed specifically for use by people.The Parts of a Computer System UsersVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Looking Inside the Machine Types of Hardware The CPU Memory How Memory is Measured Input and Output Devices Storage DevicesVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**A computer's hardware devices are categorized as follows:ProcessorMemoryInput and output (I/O) devicesStorage devicesLooking Inside the Machine Types of HardwareVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**0100101001101010011011111000111110000000Hardware used in ComputerVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Looking Inside the Machine - The CPUThe central processing unit (CPU) manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data.Sometimes referred to simply as thecentral processor, but more commonly calledprocessor,The CPU is the brains of thecomputer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of acomputer system.Onpersonal computersand small workstations, the CPU is housed in a singlechipcalled amicroprocessor.Processing: The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing. This function is divided between the computer's processor and memory that means processor and RAM will involved in processing.



**Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard.

Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them. This memory is called Random Access Memory (RAM).

The CPU can find any piece of datain RAM, when it needs it for processing.

RAM is volatile, meaning it holds dataonly when the power is on. When the poweris off, RAM's contents are lost.Looking Inside the Machine - MemoryFig:RAMVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte the amount of memory required to hold one character, like the letter A or the numeral 2.

Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiple bytes, as shown below:

1Nibble =4 bits1 Byte = 8 bitsUnitApprox. Value Actual Value (bytes) (bytes) Kilobyte (KB)1,000 1,024 Megabyte (MB)1,000,000 1,048,576Gigabyte (GB)1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824Terabyte (TB)1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776

How Memory is MeasuredVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from another computer system. The keyboard and mouse are examples of input devices.

Output devices return processed data back to the user or to another computer system. The printer and monitor are examples.

Communications devices (such as modems and network interface cards) perform both input and output, allowing computers to share information.Looking Inside the Machine Input and Output DevicesVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


**Storage devices hold data not currently being used by the CPU. Data is commonly stored on a magnetic or optical disk. Each type uses a special medium for storing data on its surface.

The most common optical storage devices are CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives.Looking Inside the Machine - Storage DevicesVIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


*VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM*Storage Devices


Computer GenerationGenerationin computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.There are totally five computer generations known till date:Generation 1 ( the first digital computer)Generation 2 Generation 3Generation 4 Generation 5



First Generation (1940-1956)First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, Therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations.In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.Some computers of this generation were:ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)UNIVAC(UNIVersalAutomaticComputer.)IBM-701IBM-650



First Generation (1940-1956)The main features of First Generation are:Vacuum tube technologyUnreliableSupported Machine language onlyVery costlyGenerate lot of heat so need of A.C.Slow Input/Output deviceHuge sizeNon-portableConsumed lot of electricity



Second Generation (1956-63)This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming language like FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslation), COBOL(COmmon Business-Oriented Language) were used.There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.Some computers of this generation were:IBM 1620,IBM 7094,CDC 1604CDC 3600(Control Data Corporation-3600)UNIVAC 1108



Second Generation (1956-63)The main features of Second Generation are:Use of transistorsReliable as compared to First generation computersSmaller size as compared to First generation computersGenerate less heat as compared to First generation computersConsumed less electricity as compared to First generation computersFaster than first generation computersStill very costlyA.C. neededSupport machine and assembly languages



Third Generation (1964-70)The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating System were used.High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during this generation.Some computers of this generation were:IBM-360 series,Honeywell-6000 seriesPDP(Personal Data Processor),IBM-370/168 and TDC-316



Third Generation(1964-70)The main features of Third Generation are:IC usedMore reliableSmaller sizeGenerate less heatFasterLesser maintenanceStill costlyA.C. neededConsumed lesser electricitySupport high-level language



Fourth Generation(1971-80)The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor. The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.Ted Hoffproduced the first microprocessor in 1971 forIntel.It was known as Intel 4004. The technology of integrated circuits improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was designed. In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.All the higher level languages like C and C++etc., were used in this generation.Some computers of this generation were:DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11CRAY-1 (Super Computer)CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)



Fourth Generation(1971-80)The main features of Fourth Generation are:VLSI technology usedVery cheapPortable and reliableUse of PC'sVery small sizePipeline processingNo A.C. neededConcept of internet was introducedGreat developments in the fields of networksComputers became easily available**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


Fifth Generation(1980-till date)In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.Some computers types of this generation are:DesktopLaptopNoteBookUltraBookChromeBook



Fifth Generation(1980-till date)The main features of Fifth Generation are:ULSI technologyDevelopment of true artificial intelligenceDevelopment of Natural language processingAdvancement in Parallel ProcessingMore user friendly interfaces with multimedia featuresAvailability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates



Classification of Computers**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM


Classification of Computers**According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or specific purpose.

General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks . They have the ability to store numerous programs Personal computers that are used at home or at work are general purpose computers

Special purpose computers are those designed to do a specific job. These again are used throughout daily life and examples include: 1.Home appliances 2.Toys and games 3.Cash machines 4.Vehicle computers



Classification of ComputersAccording to data handling, computers are analog, digital or hybrid. Analog computers An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that usescontinuousphysical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved Digital computers are those that operate with information, numerical or otherwise, represented in a digital form. Such computers process data into a digital value (in 0s and 1s). They give the results with more accuracy and at a faster rate. Hybrid computers (Analog + Digital)A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations.



Classification of ComputersAccording to size or functionality, computers are of following types. Super Computeris the fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.Mainframe Computer is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.



Classification of Computers

Mini Computer is a midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie betweenworkstationsandmainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.Micro Computer orPersonal Computer Desktop Computer:a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.LaptopComputer:a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs:a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.



Application of Computers Engineering Medical Education Science Banking Entertainment**VIVASESSION.WORDPRESS.COM




Vishnu sharma*Vishnu sharma*10But von Neumanns original design (see next slide for reference) discussed the concept of parallel computation, independent units synchronizing their work, and did not restrict the computer to sequential execution.

Five elements -- Lees law of computing -- everything in CS can be grouped in five-tuples -- corollary -- if not fix it.Vishnu sharmaVishnu sharmaVishnu sharmaVishnu sharma*Vishnu sharma

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1-Introduction to Computer

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