1 Introduction to Surveying

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Introduction to Surveying

Florence A. GaleonAssistant Professor

U.P. College of Engineering


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Outline

I. Definition of Surveying

II. Brief History of SurveyingIII. Eratosthenes Discovery

IV. Uses of Surveys

V. Types of SurveysVI. Operations in Surveying

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Definition of Surveying

1 Surveying is the science or art of making suchmeasurements as are necessary to determine therelative position of points above, on, or beneath the

surface of the earth, or to establish such points.(Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)

2 Surveying is the art of measuring horizontal

and vertical distances between objects, of measuringangles between lines, of determining the direction oflines, and of establishing points by predeterminedangular and linear measurements. (Davis, Foote,

Anderson, and Mikhail)3


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Brief History of Surveying

As far back as 4000 BC, the Babylonians were already

making records of land ownership on clay tabletswhich contained measurements of the land and thesignature of the surveyor.

They already have a standard unit of length Sexagesimal system was in use.

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Early Surveying Units

The link (7.92 inches). The fathom (5.5 feet). The rod/ perch (3 fathoms or 16.5 feet).

The chain (66 feet). The furlong or furrowlong (660 feet) The mile (5280 feet or 1760 yards). The league (3.125 miles or 16500 feet...also 198000 inches, 25000

links, 3000 fathoms, 1000 rods/ perches, 250 chains, 25 furlongsor furrowlongs).

Early standards of length were based on body measurements.The cubit was the distance from elbow to finger tip, while thefoot, palm and finger units are self-explanatory.

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Clay tablet from ~3,100 BCshowing how Babylonianlandowners kept accounts.

The face of the tablet isdivided into five fields, eachreferring to a single parcel of

agricultural land.

Inside each field aresymbols giving surfacemeasurements of the parcels.


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Around 2780 BC, pyramidsin Egypt were constructedusing standard units ofmeasurement and simpledevices for setting out theconstructions.

Ancient Egyptian surveyors were calledharpedonapata(rope-stretcher).

They used ropes and knots, tied at pre-determinedintervals, to measure distances.


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The 3-4-5 triangle (later formalized by Pythagoras) wasdiscovered to give a right angle easily by using a ropeknotted at distances of 3,4 and 5 units (as above) andshaped (stretched) to form a triangle with a knot at each

corner (vertex).


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The Earliest Surveying Instrument:

The Plumb Bob The observation that a heavy object hanging from a string causes

the string to hang perpendicular to the earth is easily made.

By 2600 BC, we know the Egyptians had taken this concept and

created the earliest surveying instruments: the plumb board, theA-Level, T-Level and plumb square.

This was the first use of the plumb bob, against a wood framethat paralleled the surface being measured.

The worker could then make a more precise visual judgment asto the trueness of plumb or horizontal level.

These earliest bobs were stone and their shape, although oftenegg-like, really didn't matter. These simplest of tools remained

virtually unchanged for the next 4400+ years.

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Sample Plumb Bobs

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An Early Instrument for Leveling

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It was made from three pieces of wood in the form of anisosceles triangle.

A plumb bob suspended from the apex of the framealigned itself with a notch at the midpoint of the

base onlywhen the base was level.


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There was much application of surveying to measureland in Egypt as land is taxed and payments made to

the Royal Granary.

Actually, around 1250 BC Rameses II erected atombstone to a surveyor/engineer. This can now be

seen in Cairo Railway Station.

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Around 1800 BC Babylonian boundary stonesproliferated and people were threatened with dire

consequences if the marks were interfered with.

Maps begin to appear commonly in clay tablets.

Astronomy was practiced in Messopotamia, China,the Pacific and South America.

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Archimedes (by 250 B.C.) recorded that the circumferenceof the earth is 30 myriads ofstadia (300 000 stadia).

Stadia is an ancient Greek measure of a distance of 202yards, or approximately 185 metres.

Eratosthenes supported this notion and by somecomplicated reasoning and calculations using the summersolstice, the sun, angles of shadows and the knownposition of two towns Syene and Alexandria (Syene was

known to be 5 000 stadia due south of Alexandria), foundthe circumference of the earth to be 25 000 miles.

It is in fact 24 881 miles - not bad!


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Eratosthenes Discovery

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The great Pyramids were presumably laid out usingknotted ropes, simple levels and water trough levels for the

foundations.

The Egyptians used these techniques in the field while theGreeks (Pythagoras, Archimedes, Eratosthenes) proved the

geometric reasoning behind the principles anddemonstrated a clear relationship between mathematics

and surveying.

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The Roman Level

Around 150 BC a school of surveying was established by theRomans to teach town planning, map making and building ofroads and aqueducts.

17Roman Level (Chorobate)


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Around 120 Ptolemy produced maps, andestablished the doctrine that if the earth was

spherical then a proper representation could beobtained by a geometrical projection of thatsurface. He was also an astronomer andinstrument maker, developed a cartographic

philosophy that lasted centuries.

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1400 -1700

Developments occurred in telescope design andconstruction, measurement of magnetic declination,measurement of time, standardization of units of

measurement, determination of longitude, surveyinginstruments and reference books written on surveyingmethods.

What could be mapped could be ruled Columbusadopted a radically new (but incorrect) radius of the earth,

sailed westwards from the known world to prove a shorterroute to India, ran into the Americas and called theindigenous people indians. Brilliant PR staff ensured he iscredited with discovering America, while infact it was

Vespucci Amerigo, as Columbus was too far south.

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1900s

Rapid development of the mapping sciences as a result ofthe 2 major wars (theres nothing like a good war to

increase research and development).

The military requirements of World Wars I & II providedthe motivation for vast improvements in the design of

surveying equipment and execution of surveyingoperations.

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Uses of Surveys

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1. The earliest surveys known were forthe purpose of establishing boundariesof land.

Sample Property/Boundary Lines

Sample Political Boundaries


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2. The fixing of national and state boundaries.

22Sample Disputed International Territories


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Old & New Charts of Lake Michigan

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3. The charting of coastlines and

navigable streams and lakes.


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4. The precise location of definite reference

points throughout the country.

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Sample Reference Monuments


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Adjoining Lots Common Points (Mohon)

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Sample Magnetic Map

5. The collection of valuable facts concerningthe earths magnetism at widely scattered

stations.


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Sample Gravity Measurement and Map

6. The establishment and observation of agreater network of gravity stations

throughout the country.


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Sample Gravimeter and Locations

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Significance of Gravity Measurement to

the Earths Shape


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Tidal Monitoring Station

7. The establishment and operation of tidaland water level stations.


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8. The extension of hydrographic andoceanographic charting and mapping

into the essentially unmapped parts ofthe world.

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9. The extension of topographic mapping

of the land surfaces of the earth.

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Types of SurveysGeodetic Survey that type of survey which takes

into account the true shape of the earth

Takes into account the theoretical shape of the earth.

Generally high in accuracy, and cover large areas.

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Geodetic Survey Illustrations

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For the Clarke Spheroid of 1866a= 6,378,206.4b= 6,356,583.8


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Types of Surveys

Plane Survey that type of survey in which the meansurface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in

which its spheroidal shape is neglected

Assumes that the survey area is a flat plane.

Generally covers small areas.Most common method used.

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Operations in Surveying

1. Control Survey consists of establishing the accuratehorizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points forreference

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1

2

3

4Reference Point


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2. Land Survey alsoknown as property orboundary survey, isperformed to

determine the lengthand direction ofland lines and toestablish the

position of theselines on the ground

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3. Topographic Survey is made to secure data fromwhich may be made a topographic map indicatingthe configuration of the terrain and the locationof natural and human-made objects

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Sample Contours

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4. Hydrographic Survey

It refers to surveying bodiesof water for the purposes of

navigation, water supply, orsub aqueous construction

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5. Mine Survey utilizes the principles for control, land,geologic, and topographic surveying to control,

locate, and map underground and surface worksrelated to mining operations


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6. Construction Survey

It is performed to layout, locate, and monitorpublic and privateengineering works

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7. Route Survey refers to those control, topographic,and construction surveys necessary for thelocation and construction of lines oftransportation or communication such ashighways, railroads, canals, transmission lines,and pipelines

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Some Transportation Lines That Require Route Survey

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8. Photogrammetric Survey utilizes the principle ofaerial and terrestrial photogrammetry in whichmeasurements made on photographs are used todetermine the positions of photographed objects.

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1 Introduction to Surveying

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