1

Is a reference to a published or unpublished source used in an intellectual work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic.

2

1. To acknowledge how scholars have contributed to our own work.

2. To clarify which ideas are our own and which are borrowed.

3. To allow readers to identify a path by which they can trace the intellectual development of the ideas we present.

4. To avoid plagiarism

3

• Direct quotations

• Paraphrases (rephrased or summarized material)

• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the

author's research, theories, or ideas

• Use of an author's arguments

4

• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts

• Graphs & drawings

• Articles or studies you refer to

5

• Proverbs and sayings

• Well-known quotations

Example: (“Knowledge is power”)

• Common knowledge

Example: (Thomas Edison invented the

phonograph)

6

"plagiarize" means:

1. to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own

2. to use (another's production) without crediting the source3. to commit literary theft4. to present as new and original an idea or product derived from

an existing source.

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it.

7

Here are some examples of plagiarism:

1. Buying or using any sort of paper or project from another person or service and turning it as the product of your own work

2. Using someone's work as your own with or without that person's knowledge

3. Submitting or presenting work of one class to fulfill an assignment in another class without the prior agreement of the instructor involved

4. Copying statements from a source and using them without proper use of quotation marks and citations.

5. Paraphrasing information from a source without proper citations.

8

Various professional organizations have created standards that are widely accepted in academic and professional works.

These include: 1.APA: American Psychological Association 2. MLA: Modern Language Association 3. ACS: American Chemical Society4. CBE: Council of Biology Editors5. Chicago Style

Each style provides guidelines for citation format and serves as a style guide for the references.

9

BOOK

APA Beard, H., & Boswell, J. (1991). French in four weeks: all the French you will ever need. New York: Villard.

MLA Beard, Henry, and John Boswell. French in Four Weeks: all the French You Will Ever Need. New York: Villard, 1991.

CBEBeard H, Boswell J. French in four weeks: all the French you will ever need. New York: Villard, 1991; 96 p.

10

JOURNAL ARTICLE APA Gallow, B. M. (2004). Life protection: It’s fantastic for First

Amendment protection – or is it? University of Dayton Law Review, 29, 405-421. Retrieved November 23, 2004, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

MLA Gallow, Bryan M. (2004). “Life Protection: It’s Fantastic for First Amendment Protection – Or Is It?” University of Dayton Law Review 29 (2004): 405-421. InfoTrac OneFile Plattsburgh State University Library. 23 Nov. 2004 http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>

CBE Gallow B. Life protection: It’s fantastic for First Amendment protection – or is it? University of Dayton Law Review 2004; 405-421. Available from: InfoTrac OneFile online database. Accessed Nov 23.

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Rule : When the author's name does not appear in the beginning phrase, place the author's name, the date, and the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Use commas between items in the parentheses.

Example:• "If the existence of a signing ape was

unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (Davis, 1978, p. 26).

12

Rule: When the quotation is more than 40 words in text, do not use quotation marks, but indent the quotation into its own block of text. Note that for blocks of text, the citation follows the final punctuation of the quoted text.

Example:

From an early age, children begin to develop an informal understanding of quantity and number. Careful research

conducted by developmental and cognitive psychologists has mapped the progression of children’s conceptual

understanding of number through the preschool years. Just as healthy children who live in language rich

environments will develop the ability to speak according to a fairly typical trajectory (from single sound utterances

to grammatically correct explanations of why a parent should not turn out the light and leave at bedtime), children

follow a fairly typical trajectory from differentiating more from less, to possessing the facility to add and subtract

accurately with small numbers. (William, 2002, p. 54).

13

In general, no quotation marks are required when paraphrasing ideas.

Likewise, page numbers or other indication of specific parts of a source are not necessary unless a specific part of the text is being referenced.

Examples:

According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise.

When they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise (Davis, 1978).

14

Rule: Work with two authors, list them all.

Examples: Patterson and Linden (1981) agreed that

the animals acquire language more slowly than a normal speaking child.

Animals acquire language more slowly than a normal speaking child (Patterson & Linden, 1981).

15

Rule: Work with 3-5 authors: In the first reference to such a work, list all

authors.

Example: The study noted a fluctuating divorce rate

in Middletown between the 1920s and the 1970s (Caplow, Bahr, Chadwick, Hill, & Williamson, 1982).

16

In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by "et al."

Example: While the incidence of wife abuse may not

be higher than in the past, the researchers found that women were more willing to report it (Caplow et al., 1982).

17

Rule: Work with 6+ authors From six authors and above, use the first

author's name followed by "et al."

Example: People in the late 1960s functioned like

extended families, with responsibilities shared by all adult members (Berger et al., 1971).

18

Rule: Work by an association, government agency, or corporation

Examples:

First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH],

1996)

Later citations: (NIMH, 1996).

19

Rule: When citing from a source that does not

provide page numbers (such as an electronic source), use paragraph numbers if available, or the name of the section followed by the number of the paragraph within that section.

Examples: (Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para.

1)

20

Rule: When citing from a source with no author

given, or when citing from legal materials, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) as your citation. Place article, chapter, and section titles in double quotation marks, and italicize the titles of books, periodicals, reports, and websites.

Examples: ("Former FBI Agent," 2007) ...as seen in Preparing for the GRE (2003).

21

In APA style, every reference cited in your text must be

reflected in an entry on your references page. The only

exceptions to this rule are personal communications with

the author such as e-mails, conversations, and letters—

need only be cited in text. Likewise, every item on the

references page must correspond to an in-text citation

somewhere in your work.

Do not include works that you did not cite in your text.

22

APA style dictates that entries should be

formatted with a hanging indent—that is,

the first line of each entry should be at the

left margin and subsequent lines in the

same entry should be indented.

23

Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive multimedia and the study of the United States. Retrieved May 2, 2002, from Georgetown University, American Crossroads Project Website:

http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html

Denmark, F. L. (1999). Enhancing the development of adolescent girls. In N. G. Johnson & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp.377-404). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

24

Dorman, S. M. (1997). Video and computer games: effect on children and implications for health education. Journal of School Health, 67, 133- 138. Retrieved from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Fechner, P.Y. (2002). Gender differences in puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 4, 44-48.

25

APA Style Home: http://www.apastyle.org/ Purdue Online website:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ University of Wisconsin—Madison:

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html Research Haven (APA Formatting):

http://www.researchhaven.com/Style/APAFormatting.htm Bedford/St. Martin’s Citation Styles:

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html

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END Of CHAPTER 10

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