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Item-level linking & OpenURL:
the perspective of a database provider
ACRL Information Technology
Interest Group, March 11, 2003
Oliver PeschChief ArchitectEBSCO Publishing
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Overview Definitions The problem Static versus dynamic links Article matching Calculating links Rights checking and context
sensitivity
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Definitions Item-level linking
Providing links from a cited item to services or information relevant to that item
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Facts and Figures EBSCOhost
50 full text databases• 120 million records• 90 million reference records
50+ secondary databases• 100 million records• 3 million references
Over 300 million possible link points
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Static Links -- shortcomings Difficult to manage and maintain Not practical for large scale
application Problematic when multiple
resolution Lacks context sensitivity
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Dynamic link generation Discover links on-the-fly Use item’s metadata as basis of the
link Control presentation based on the
item and knowledge of the user
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Two common techniques Matching against a knowledgebase
of known article links Calculating links based templates or
rules
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Matching articles EBSCO SmartLinks uses a
technology called Article Matcher/Rights Checker Knowledgebase of over 16 million
article locations from 12,000 journals Intelligent matching engine Rights checking against a customer’s
database and e-journal subscriptions
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Calculating links Using a template or set of rules to
construct a link Data elements from source record
used in the link Links to much more than just full
text
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Calculating links E-Journal content OPACs and A-Z lists ILL and Document Delivery Citation indexes Web search engines Link resolvers
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Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
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“Check library catalog” (Innovative interfaces)
http://explore.lib.univ.edu/search/I/?SEARCH={ISSN}
“Check library catalog” (Innovative interfaces)
http://explore.lib.univ.edu/search/I/?SEARCH={ISSN}
“Check library catalog” (Innovative interfaces)
http://explore.lib.univ.edu/search/I/?SEARCH=0378-4266
“Check library catalog” (Innovative interfaces)
http://explore.lib.univ.edu/search/I/?SEARCH=0378-4266
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
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“Request ILL through ILLIAD”
http://server:port/OpenURL/OpenURL?genre=article &ISSN={ISSN}&title={JOURNAL}&aulast={AUTHOR}&atitle={TITLE}&volume={VOLUME}&issue={ISSUE}&startPage={PAGE}&SID=EBSCO:{dbCode}
“Request ILL through ILLIAD”
http://server:port/OpenURL/OpenURL?genre=article &ISSN={ISSN}&title={JOURNAL}&aulast={AUTHOR}&atitle={TITLE}&volume={VOLUME}&issue={ISSUE}&startPage={PAGE}&SID=EBSCO:{dbCode}
“Request ILL through ILLIAD”
http://server:port/OpenURL/OpenURL?genre=article &ISSN=0378-4266&title=Journal of Banking and Finance &aulast=Narayanan&atitle=Insider Trading… &volume=24&issue=3&startPage=395 &SID=EBSCO:Econlit
“Request ILL through ILLIAD”
http://server:port/OpenURL/OpenURL?genre=article &ISSN=0378-4266&title=Journal of Banking and Finance &aulast=Narayanan&atitle=Insider Trading… &volume=24&issue=3&startPage=395 &SID=EBSCO:Econlit
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
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“More information on this journal”
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=ser& &bquery=jn+”{JOURNAL}”
“More information on this journal”
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=ser& &bquery=jn+”{JOURNAL}”
“More information on this journal”
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=ser& &bquery=jn+”Journal of Banking and Finance”
“More information on this journal”
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=ser& &bquery=jn+”Journal of Banking and Finance”
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
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“Search Google for author”
http://www.google.com/search?q={AUTHOR} &btnG=Google+Search
“Search Google for author”
http://www.google.com/search?q={AUTHOR} &btnG=Google+Search
“Search Google for author”
http://www.google.com/search?q=Narayanan, Ranga&btnG=Google+Search
“Search Google for author”
http://www.google.com/search?q=Narayanan, Ranga&btnG=Google+Search
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
Author: Narayanan, RangaTitle: Insider Trading and the Voluntary Disclosure of Information by FirmsJournal: Journal of Banking and FinanceISSN: 0378-4266Date: 2000-03Volume: 24Issue: 3Page: 395
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Context sensitivity Use journal/ISSN lists to control
presentation Presence of certain data elements
required Option to hide if full text User profiles
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Sometimes links don’t work Presentation of calculated links
based on probabilities Not all articles available online Differences in editorial practices ISSN and title changes Selective coverage of some full text
databases Errors
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OpenURL and Link Resolvers
A major step toward realizing promise of linking all library’s resources
OpenURL offers a low barrier for information resources to be compliant
Puts the library in control
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Definitions OpenURL
An accepted syntax for describing an item on a URL either by including metadata or by reference using a unique identifier
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Definitions DOI
Digital Object Identifier. An “actionable” identifier that uniquely identifies a digital object such as a journal article. “Actionable” because, with a DOI a URL to an article can be created.
http://dx.doi.org/<DOI>
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Definitions CrossRef
A collaborative service created and maintained by publishers for the purpose of facilitating reference linking.• Registration of article metadata, URLs and
DOIs• A lookup service used by publishers and
link servers for discovering DOIs• A service for resolving a DOI into a URL
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Definitions Source (link)
An online service where the user finds an item-level link.
Target (link)The site or service that is being accessed when the user clicks a link
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
Many resources from many vendors
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
Some link to selective resources
User
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
Some link to selective resources
User
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EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
Links inconsistent and management complex
EhostDBsEhostDBs
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
With LinkSource: More comprehensive, easier to manage
Link Server
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
User
A
ALibrary subscribes
Pay per view$$$
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EhostDBsEhostDBs
EhostEJSEhostEJS
GoogleGoogle
ISIISI
BritishLibraryBritishLibrary GaleGale
Publishersites
Publishersites
ingentaingenta
Appropriate copy linking
User
A
ALibrary subscribes
Pay per view$$$
Link Server
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What is a Link Server?An OpenURL resolver that… Takes a citation as input Enhances the incoming metadata Looks up full text links in a database of links Calculates additional links based on rules and
templates Applies filters and other rules to determine if a
link should show or not Displays a menu of links for the user All this controlled by the institution
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Rule-basedLinks
Library’sCollections
GlobalCollections
OpenURL
Databaseof links
LinkServer
CrossRefPubMed
etc.
2. Enhance metadata
1. Ingest OpenURL request.
3. Look for full text links in database of links, such as CrossRef or
EBSCO Article Matcher
4. Calculate Rule-based links
5. Apply filters to eliminate
unwanted links
6. Prepare and present link
menu
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Demonstration EBSCOhost:
http://search.epnet.com/userlogin.asp?user=sales&password=academic
FirstSearch:http://firstsearch.oclc.org
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Link resolver knowledgebase
Determines how good a link resolver is: Knowledge on how to make links Knowledge how to control links Information kept up-to-date
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Rule-basedLinks
Library’sCollections
GlobalCollections
OpenURL
Databaseof links
LinkServer
CrossRefPubMed
etc.
The knowledgebase
Database of article links and matching logic.
Rules and templates for linking to various
targets
E-journals, aggregations and other content the
library holds
Title lists, coverage and embargo information for
aggregations and packages
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Controlling the link Choose appropriate targets to link to Customize the URLs Customize link text and/or icon Apply filters to control display
Local collection(s) Global collection(s)
Apply additional rules to control display Hide if full text Specify required fields
Use groups or profiles to create link sets
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Myths and confusions…
Q: “Will LinkSource be able to find an article on my hard drive?”
A: No, link resolvers are not search engines and do not search for full text. Links to articles are either stored in a database like CrossRef or can be calculated.
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Myths and confusions…
Q: “Will my link resolver search the entire internet for full text?”
A: No, link resolver’s ability to “discover” full text is not based on a traditional searching. The scope of the discovery is the institution’s pre-selection of link targets with known link syntax.
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Myths and confusions…Q: “After the link resolver has search the
entire internet, how does it know which full text is appropriate to show?”
A: Again, the internet is not searched. The institution picks the full text targets to link to. A common technique of controlling the links is through a list of titles (ISSNs) that the institution determines are appropriate for that target.
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Myths and confusions…
Q: “How does OpenURL know where all my full text is?”
A: The OpenURL ‘standard’ is merely an accepted syntax for carrying citation information on a URL. When an OpenURL is passed to a link resolver, the link resolver uses the institution’s choice of targets to determine which links to show.