Leadership StylesLeadership Styles

1. Leading and working with teams1. Leading and working with teams

Overview of this session

What is Leadership ?

Motivation

Power

Leadership Tips

Meetings

What is Leadership ?

Leadership is about behaviour first, skills second.

Good leaders are followed because people trust and respect them, not for the skills they possess.

Leadership is different to management.

Leadership needs management skills, plus - integrity, honesty, humility, courage, commitment, sincerity, passion, confidence, positivity, wisdom, determination, compassion, sensitivity and personality.

What is Leadership Style?

… the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people.

Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership.

This early study has been very influential and set three major leadership styles.

3 Styles

The three major styles of leadership are:

Authoritarian or autocratic - ‘Boss’

Participative or democratic - ‘Teamwork’

Delegative or Free Reign - ‘Multidisciplined’

Although good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with one style.

Authoritarian (autocratic)“I want both of you to...”

This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how, without getting the advice of their team. It can be used when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and your employees are well motivated.

Some people think of this style as yelling, using bossy language and threats and abusing their power. This is not the authoritarian style, it is an abusive, unprofessional style called bossing people around. It has no place in a leader's work.

The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the participative style.

Participative (democratic)

“Let's work together to solve this…”

This style involves the leader including one or more employees in decision making (decide what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision-making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect.

This is best used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. A leader is not expected to know everything -- this is why you employ knowledgeable and skilful employees.

Using this style is of mutual benefit -- it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions.

Delegative (free reign)

“You two take care of the problem while I go…”

In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to see the situation and what needs to be done and how to do it. You cannot do everything! You must set priorities and give out certain tasks.

This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and have confidence in the people below you. Do not be afraid to use it, however, use it wisely!

Where are we ?

What is the system used in this country most often?

What about INGOs?

When?A good leader uses all three styles - depends on the situation and the

ability of followers and leader. Some examples include:

Authoritarian style - new employee learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn. The situation is new for the employee.

Participative style - a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem, but does not have all the information. The employees know their jobs and want to become part of the team.

Delegative style - a worker who knows more about the job than you. The employee needs to ‘own’ her job. Also, you might need to be doing other things.

Use all three: Tell your employees that a procedure is not working correctly and a new one must be established (authoritarian). Ask for their ideas on creating a new procedure (participative). Give tasks in order to implement the new procedure (delegative).

Things that decide the style to use include: How much time you have. Are relationships based on respect and trust or on

disrespect? Who has the information - you, your employees, or both? How well your team is trained and how well you know the

task. Internal conflicts. Stress levels. Type of task. Is it structured, unstructured, complicated, or

simple? Laws or procedures (such as safety or training plans).

What style will you use next week?

What sort of work is planned?

Why will you choose this style?

Positive and Negative Approaches

Different ways leaders approach their team:

Positive leaders use rewards, such as education, independence, etc. to motivate employees, while negative employers use penalties.

The negative approach has a place in a leader's tools, but it must be used carefully because it hurts morale.

Positive and Negative Approaches

Negative leaders act bossy and above people. They think the only way to get things done is through penalties, such as loss of job, days off without pay, reprimand employees in front of others, etc.

They think their authority is increased by frightening everyone. But when this approach is used badly morale falls; and also productivity.

Note that most leaders do not use one or the other, but are somewhere in the middle. People who always work by negatives are bosses while those who mostly work by positives are real leaders.

Motivation

Wanting to do something

Demotivator: makes you not want to do it

These can start and stop good work

Stoppers and Starters

Herzberg (1966) developed a list of factors like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, but more closely related to work.

Things that demotivate

You need to get these right: Working conditions Policies and administrative practices Salary and Benefits Supervision Status Job security Co-workers Personal life

Motivators

These encourage staff: Recognition Achievement Advancement Growth Responsibility Job challenge

Get it right

The right conditions must be there in the job before motivators can be used to stimulate people. That is, you cannot use motivators until all the stoppers are fixed.

Building on this, Herzberg used the term "job enrichment" about redesigning work to build in motivators.

Consideration and Structure

Two related approaches that leaders use are:

Consideration (care for employee) - Leaders are concerned about the human needs of their employees. They build teamwork, help employees with their problems, and provide psychological support.

Structure

Consideration and Structure

Two related approaches that leaders use are: Consideration

Structure (task orientation) - Leaders believe that they get results by consistently keeping people busy and urging them to produce.

Leaders who are considerate in their leadership style are higher performers and are more satisfied with their job

consideration and structure are separate, and not opposites.

For example, a leader who becomes more considerate, does not become less structured.

Paternalism

Paternalism is confused with leadership.

But most definitions of leadership talk about influencing.

Leadership is influencing people - by providing purpose, direction, and motivation - while doing the job and improving the organization."

Influence is a means of getting people to do what you want them to do. It is more than passing along orders. The example you set is just as important as the words you speak. You set an example - good or bad - with every thing you do and word you say. With your words and example, you must communicate purpose, direction, and motivation.

Paternalism Paternalism is confused with leadership.

“Paternalism" is: a system under which an authority undertakes to

supply needs or regulate conduct of those under its control ...

So paternalism supplies needs for those under its protection or control, while leadership gets things done.

Power Difference

Power Difference is the amount of inequality, between people in a group.

It shows how much the less powerful members of organisations (for example, the family) accept and expect that power is unequal.

The inequality is accepted by the followers as much as by the leaders.

Power Difference Index (PDI)

Geert Hofstede (1977) studied culture within organisations.

He developed a Power Difference Index (PDI) for 53 countries; scores ranged from 11 to 104 and averaged 55.

Power Difference Index (PDI)Geert Hofstede (1977) studied culture within organisations.

He developed a Power Difference Index (PDI) for 53 countries; scores ranged from 11 to 104 and averaged 55.

The higher the number, the more autocratic and/or paternalistic the usual leadership is, which means employees are afraid or unwilling to disagree with their bosses.

Lower numbers mean a more consultative style of leadership, and employees who are not as afraid of their bosses.

Malaysia has the highest PDI score, 104, while Austria has the lowest with 11. As the story before shows, Sweden has a low score (31), while France is higher (68). The USA's is 40.

Where are we?

What do you think Cambodia’s score is?

Malaysia 104

France 68

USA 40

Sweden 31

Austria 11

Where are we? Cambodia has a high PDI. Most Western countries have a low PDI. Leadership styles show this.

Big Power Difference

620 people dead

Big Power Difference

The Emperor’s New Clothes

Take a Break

Back in 20 minutes

Leadership Tips

Team building success is when your team can accomplish something bigger and work more effectively than a group of the same individuals working on their own.

Set Goals

Make sure that the team goals are totally clear and completely understood and accepted by each team member.

Make sure there is communication and you and your people stay fully informed.

Divide the jobs

Make sure it is clear who does what.

Do your best to avoid overlaps of authority.

Example: if two team members have control of a task, try to divide that task into two distinct parts and give each control of one (may be by skill strengths, what they like, or just divide by districts or similar)

Involve all

Involve the whole team in the decision making process.

For example, use group discussions of possible options.

What you want is each team member to feel ownership in the final idea.

The more he or she feels this way, the more they will commit to the action.

Trust in you

Build trust with your team members by spending one-on-one time in an atmosphere of openness and honesty.

Be loyal to your employees, if you expect the same.

Trust each other

Allow your office team members build trust and openness between each other

team building activities and events.

extra social time with each other in an atmosphere that encourages open communication.

For example, have a group meal on Friday

Behaviour

Be careful with interpersonal issues. Recognize them early and deal with them till full resolution.

Act on any broken rules or poor behaviour.

Encourage

Do not only give negative feedback. Be fair. Whenever there is an opportunity, give positive feedback as well.

Say thank you or show appreciation of an individual team player's work.

Never miss opportunities to encourage your employees. Be specific.

Be friends

You can still be friends with your staff.

They need to understand that you are being held accountable for their work and so there will be times when you have to be directive

… but …there will be more times when you have to rely on them to help you. Good managers do not build barriers against people.

Another view: don’t manage your people!

Forget the idea that people can be managed. It’s not

possible. The more you try to manage people the more likely they are to ‘fight back'. If you do fully control of people's behaviour you end up with a team that is unable to think for themselves.

Give up managing people and start to manage systems. Systems and processes are controllable. They can be defined, measured and managed. The good part is that most people value a well-developed system because it makes life easier and more rewarding, so they will use it. By developing a good system you get the outcome you want - increased productivity and quality performance from your team.

Provide the tools – the ‘servant leader’.

What will work best for us?

What style will work well in your team?

What suits you as team leader?

What is your staff used to?

What are your staff ready for?

Meetings

Essential for the team to communicate information sharing all team effort directed to the same clear goals divide tasks

Can be a very effective way to focus and improve efficiency

Can be a complete waste of time

Running Meetings

Start with an Agenda

All talk is “through the Chair”

The Chairperson drives the meeting

Keep to the Agenda

What are the outputs?

Meeting Outputs

Understanding

Team spirit

List: Actions, Responsibilities, Times

Feedback

Practice working in a low PDI situation

Please give your feed back Too technical? Not detailed or practical? Too much, too little, off target, confusing, ….

Talk, email, piece of paper …

What about notes – can you use a handout or copy of this presentation?

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InternationalInternational

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Thank Thank YouYou

Produced by Tony HobbsProduced by Tony Hobbs

Health Unlimited, Health Unlimited,

Ratanakiri, CambodiaRatanakiri, Cambodia

www.healthunlimited.orgwww.healthunlimited.org

© 2009 HU. Use with Acknowledgement© 2009 HU. Use with Acknowledgement