1 Lectr_botany_1 Concepts of Botany an Introducton to Plant Biology

7/27/2019 1 Lectr_botany_1 Concepts of Botany an Introducton to Plant Biology

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Mochammad RoviqCopyright 2010

BOTANY #1an introduction to botany

Plant, Scientific study, Concepts


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Literature

Mauseth, J. D. 1998. Botany : An Introduction to

Plant Biology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

Stern, Jansky, Bidlack. 2003. Introductory Plant

Biology, Ninth Edition.The McGrawHill

Companies

Lack, A.J. and D.E. Evans. 2005. Plant Biology

instants note. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. Campbell, N. A. 2008. Biology, Eight Edition.

Pearson Education, Inc.

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BOTANY ?

Botany is the scientific study ofplants.

Concepts "plants" and "scientific

study." What is a plant ?

Plants have so many types andvariations that a simple definition

has many exceptions, and adefinition that includes all plantsand excludes all nonplants maybe too complicated to be useful.

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What is a PLANT ?

Most plants have green

leaves, stems, roots, and

flowers (Fig. 1.1).

Figure 1.1 This morning glory (Ipomoea) is

obviously a flowering plant. It is a vine

with long, slender stems and simple

leaves that occur in pairs. It has an

extensive root system, not visible here

But you can think of

exceptions immediately.

Conifers such as pine,

spruce, and fir have

cones rather than

flowers (Fig. 1.2), and

many cacti and

succulents do not appear

to have leaves.

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Is it a plant ?

But both conifers

and succulents are

obviously plants

because they

closely resemble

organisms that

unquestionablyare plants

Figure 1.2 Conifers, like this spruce (Picea),produce seeds in cones; the conifers, together

with the flowering plants and a few other

groups, are known as seed plants

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Is it a plant ?

Similarly, ferns and mosses (Figs. 1.3 and 1.4)are easily recognized as plants.

Figure 1.3 Ferns have several

features in common with flowering

plants; they have leaves, stems, and

roots. However, they never produce

seeds, and they have neither flowers

nor wood

Figure 1.4 Of all terrestrial plants,

mosses have the least in common with

flowering plants. They have structures

called "leaves" and "stems," but these

are not the same as in flowering plants.

They have no roots at all.MRQ 2010


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Is it a plant ?

Fungi, such as

mushrooms (Fig. 1.5)

and puffballs, were

included in the plant

kingdom because

they are immobile

and produce spores,which function

somewhat like seeds.

Figure 1.5 Fungi such as these

mushrooms are not considered to beplants. They are never green and

cannot obtain their energy from

sunlight. Also, their tissues and

physiology are quite different from

those of plants.

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Is it a plant ?

Algae are moreproblematical. Onegroup, the green

algae (Fig. 1.6), aresimilar to plants inbiochemistry andcell structure, but

they also havemany significantdifferences.

Figure 1.6 Algae do not look much like plants,

but many aspects of their biochemistry andcellular organization are very similar to those

of plants. Some of the green algae were the

ancestors of land plants; although not

considered to be true plants, they are

obviously closely related to plants

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What is a Scientific Method ?

The concept of a scientific study can

be understood by examining earlier

approaches to studying nature.

Until the 15th century, threeprincipal methods for analyzing and

explaining the universe and its

phenomena were used: religion,metaphysics, and speculative

philosophy

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Religious methods

The universe is assumed either to be created by or tocontain deities.

The important feature is that the actions of godscannot be studied:

Agricultural studies would be useless because someyears crops might flourish or fail because of weather ordisease, but in other years crop failure might be due toa god's intervention (a miracle) to reward or punishpeople.

A fundamental principle of all religions is faith: Peoplemust believe in the god without physical proof of itsexistence or actions

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Metaphysical system

Supernatural, hidden forces that can never beobserved or studied.

The natural processes of physics and

chemistry are believed to be controlled byunknown and unknowable forces.

Many people still believe in metaphysics

without realizing it: accurate horoscopes, andreliable methods for picking the winningnumbers in a lottery

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Speculative philosophy

Greek philosophers.

Analyze the world involved thinking about it logically.

Develop logical explanations for simple observations,

then followed the logic as far as possible. Did not involve verification; philosophical predictions

were made, but no actual experiment or observationwas performed to see if they were correct.

A problem with this method is that often severalalternative conclusions are equally plausible logically;only experimentation reveals which is actually true.

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The scientific method

Starting in the 1400s severalfundamental tenets were established:

All accepted information can bederived only from carefullydocumented and controlledobservations or experiments

Only phenomena and objects that canbe observed and studied are dealt

with; All proposed explanations of natural

phenomena must be tested andverified;

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Scientific studies

Begin with a series of

observations, followed by a period

of experimentation mixed with

further observation and analysis.

At some point, a hypothesis, or

model, is constructed to account

for the observations

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Example

A pair of simple alternativehypotheses: (1) Plants needlight to grow. (2) Plants do not

need light to grow. The experimental testing may involve the

comparison of several plants outdoors, some inlight and others heavily shaded, or it may involveseveral plants indoors, some in the normal gloomand others illuminated by a window or a skylight.

Such experiments give results consistent with

hypothesis 1; hypothesis 2 would be rejectedMRQ 2010


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Hypothesis to a theory

A hypothesis must continueto be tested in various ways.

Must be consistent with

further observations andexperiments,

Must be able to predict the

results of future experiments If a hypothesis continues to

match observations, it may

come to be called a theoryMRQ 2010


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Areas Where the Scientific Method Is

Inappropriate

Example : Science can study, measure, analyze,

and describe the factors that cause people to kill

each other or to be racist or sexist, and it can

predict the outcome of these actions. But science cannot say if such actions are right or

wrong, moral or immoral

It more important to have well-developedmoral/religius and philosophical systems for

assessing the appropriateness of various actions

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Using Concepts to

Understand Plants

These concepts will make

plant biology more easily

understoodthe numerous

facts, figures, names, and datawill be less overwhelming

when you realize that they all

fit into the patterns governedby a few fundamental

concepts

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Fundamental concepts of

Plant1. Plant metabolism is based on the principles

of chemistry and physics

2. Plants must have a means of storing andusing information

3. Plants reproduce, passing their genes andinformation on to their descendants

4. Genes, and the information they contain,change

5. Plants must survive in their own

environment6. Plants are highly integrated organisms

7. An individual plant is the temporary resultof the interaction of genes and environment

8. Plants do not have purpose or decision-making capacityMRQ 2010


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Figure 1.9 (a) The seeds of this

tomato (Lycopersicon) have

received, in the form of genes,

the information necessary to

produce a new tomato plant,

whereas the peas

(b) have received from their parents the

information for growing into pea plants.

Each type of plant differs from other

types in the information that it carries.

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Figure 1.10 (a) A plant produces numerous offspring, many of whichresemble it strongly (b). Mutations may occur that cause, for instance,leaves to be malformed and poorly shaped for photosynthesis (c); mostor all of these mutants die and do not reproduce. The normal plantscontinue to reproduce (b and d), but another mutation may occur thatcauses the leaves to be larger and more efficient at photosynthesis (e).

These may grow so well that they crowd out the original parental types,and the plant population finally contains only the type with large leaves.MRQ 2010


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DIVERSIFICATION OF

PLANT STUDY

Plant anatomy, which is concernedchiefly with the internal structure ofplants, was established through the

efforts of several scientific pioneers Plant physiology, which is concerned

with plant function . including howplants conduct materials internally;

how temperature, light, and water areinvolved in growth; why plants flower;and how plant growth regulatorysubstances are produced, to mentionjust a few.

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Plant taxonomy (also calledplantsystematics), which is the oldestbranch of plant study, began in

antiquity. Plant taxonomists oftenspecialize in certain groups ofplants.

For example,pteridologists

specialize in the study of ferns,while bryologists study mossesand plants with similar life cycles.

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Plant geography, the study of howand why plants are distributedwhere they are

Plant ecology, which is the study ofthe interaction of plants with oneanother and with theirenvironment

Plant morphology, the study of theform and structure of plants,

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Genetics, the science ofheredity, was founded by theAustrian monk Gregor Mendel

(1822

1884), who performedclassic experiments with peaplants. Today, various branchesof genetics includeplant

breeding, which has greatlyimproved yields and quality ofcrop plants, and geneticengineering

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Cell biology (previouslycalled cytology), the scienceof cell structure and

function, received a boostfrom the discovery of howcells multiply and how theirvarious components perform

and integrate a variety offunctions, including that ofsexual reproduction

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Economic Botany and ethnobotany, which involvepractical uses of plants and plant products, had theirorigin in antiquity as humans discovered, used, andeventually cultivated plants for food, fiber, medicines,

and other purposes

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Summary

1. It is difficult to define a plant. It is moreimportant to develop a familiarity withplants and understand how they differ fromanimals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes.The differences are presented in later

chapters.2. The scientific method requires that all

information be gathered throughdocumented, repeatable observations andexperiments. It rejects any concept that can

never be examined, and it requires that allhypotheses be tested and be consistentwith all relevant observations.

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5. For any particular environment,

several types of adaptation can

be successful.

6. Our knowledge of the world is

incomplete and inaccurate; as

scientific studies continue,

incompleteness diminishes andinaccuracies are corrected.

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BAHAN UTS

Introduction to botani (1x)

Plant Cell

Plant Tissue Cell development

Plant structure 3x

Daun Batang

Akar

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BAHAN UAS

Taksonomy

Taksonometri (2x)

Chemistry of life

Genetic inheritance

Plant evolution

Habitat

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TERIMAKASIH

MRQ 2010

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