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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 2

Data Networking and the Internet

LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®Part 2

Data Networking and the Internet

Data Communications Basics

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ContentsContents

• History of data networks, trends

• OSI, TCP/IP models

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Data Networking ArchitecturesData Networking Architectures

Timeframe Architecture

1970’s to early 1980’s Mainframes

Early to mid-1980’s Standalone workstations

Early to late 1980’s and 1990’s

LANs and LAN internetworking

Mid-1990’s Internet commercialization

Mid-to late 1990’s Application-driven networks

Remote-access workers

2000’s HANs, PANs, Internet as enterprise backbone

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History of the InternetHistory of the Internet

• Kleinrock’s keynote at WCNC 2007

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1970’s Standalone Mainframes1970’s Standalone Mainframes

ClusterController

ClusterController

ClusterController

FEPFront EndProcessor

HOST HOST

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1980’s Networked Mainframes 1980’s Networked Mainframes

ClusterController

ClusterController

ClusterController

FEP

HOST HOST

Front EndProcessor

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1980’s Standalone Workstations1980’s Standalone Workstations

•1982: IBM sells the Token Ring standard •1985: The IEEE publishes standards for the 802.X protocols(especially Ethernet and Token Ring)

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Early-late 1980s Local Area NetworkingEarly-late 1980s Local Area Networking

LANLocal Area Network

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Mid 80s-Mid 90s LAN InternetworkingMid 80s-Mid 90s LAN Internetworking

LANLocal Area Network

LANLocal Area Network

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Mid 1990s Internet CommercializationMid 1990s Internet Commercialization

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Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks

Mid to late 1990’s Application Driven Networks

AnnaNova, A Virtual Newscaster

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Late 1990s Remote Access WorkersLate 1990s Remote Access Workers

An employee working at homeMain office

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Early 2000s Home Area Networking (HAN)

Early 2000s Home Area Networking (HAN)

Smart Bed

Smart Desk

Smart Refrigerator

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Current Enterprise TrendsCurrent Enterprise Trends

• There is trend towards reducing the number of LANs and instead relying on the Internet as the corporate backbone.

• Involves the migration of applications to web-based services, often outsourced.

• The enterprise owns and maintains the applications, providing access via Internet-connected Web browsers.

• Reduces the expense and burden of maintaining complicated corporate networks.

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Goals and Use of Network SystemsGoals and Use of Network Systems

•Resource sharing•Increasing reliability & performance•Cost reductions•Access to information•Collaboration

network Systemsnetwork

distributed Systems

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Network DomainsNetwork Domains

Distance (typical)

Network Category

1,000 km+ interconnection of wide area networks (Internet)

1,000 km+ Wide Area Networks (WANs)

10 km+ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

< 1 km Campus Area Networks (CANs)

< 1 km Local Area Networks (LANs)

< 10 m Personal Area Networks (PANs)

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Data Networking ApplicationsData Networking Applications

• Electronic Mail– Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when

image, video or multimedia media is included– Delay tolerant– Error control required at end points

• Transactions– Low bandwidth for text, higher bandwidth when

image, video or multimedia media is included– Delay sensitive– Error and loss control critical

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ModemsModems

AnalogModem

AnalogDial-upService

AnalogModem

ADSLModem

DigitalADSL

Service

ADSLModem

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Modulation Basics

• Permute any of three main characteristics of analog wave form to encode uniqueness (info)– amplitude – frequency– phase

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Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation

““1” bit1” bit ““0” bit0” bit

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Frequency Modulation

““0” bit0” bit ““1” bit1” bit

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Phase ModulationPhase Modulation

““0” bit0” bitWave starts at Wave starts at

90-degree phase90-degree phase

““1” bit1” bitWave starts at Wave starts at

270-degree phase270-degree phase

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Single Carrier Modulation

• Single carrier modulation schemes - single channel occupies all the bandwidth.

• Single carrier techniques include– 2B1Q– 64-QAM– 256-QAM– 16-QAM – QPSK– CAP

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Multicarrier Modulation

• Multicarrier techniques use an aggregate amount of bandwidth and divide it into sub-bands.

• Each sub-band is encoded using a single-carrier technique, and bit streams from the sub-bands are bonded together at the receiver.

• Two main multicarrier techniques– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM)– Discrete Multitone (DMT)

Asynchronous vs SynchronousAsynchronous vs Synchronous

Time Independent: Asynchronous:

StartStopInformation

DCE DCETiming Signals

Time Dependent: Synchronous

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Data ExchangeData Exchange

• Reference models– Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)– Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP)

• Protocols

• Layers

• Tunnels

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OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

UserTransmit Receive

DataData

Physical Link

The 7 Layers of OSI

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OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model

Layer 7 SemanticsAPPLICATION

Layer 6 Data RepresentationsPRESENTATION

Layer 5 Dialog CoordinationSESSION

Layer 4 Reliable Transfer of DataTRANSPORT

Layer 3 Routing & RelayingNETWORK

Layer 2 Node to Node Data TransferDATA LINK

Layer 1 Physical ParametersPHYSICAL28

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TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Applications

TCP/UDP/SCTP/DCCP

IP

Network Interface

Email, FTP, Web, Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

Host-to-Host Transport

Internetworking

Any L1 or L2 mediaEthernet

Frame Relay, ATMTDM, WDM

Layer 1

Layer 2

Layer 3

Layer 4

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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Data Communications Basics

LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Data Communications Basics

Lili GoleniewskiThe LIDO Organization, Inc.www. telecomessentials.com

+1-415-457-1800lili@lidoorg.com

Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski

Telecom Essentials Learning Centerwww.telecomessentials.com

Copyright © 2007- The LIDO Organization, Inc. All Rights Reserved