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S Jeyavelu Creativity & Management
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S Jeyavelu

Creativity & Management

Lifelong Creativity

S Jeyavelu

What is Creativity?

Can you name a few creative products/outputs?

Take a moment to look into your life and identify a few things you have done creatively.

What is Creativity?

Novel / Unique

&

Appropriate / Useful

Levels of Creativity

Elaboration

Improvement

Synthesis

Transformation

Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

Types of Creativity

Essence Creativity

– ..distilled creativity, the heart made visible..

– ..a fresh idea or concept or definition, a novel view point or interpretation or relationship or hypothesis/generalization, fresh wisdom,

– Gandhi’s Non-Violence,

Elaborative Creativity

– Distinctive elaboration of an idea, view point, principle, law, or issue which is contextually appropriate

– Epics, poems,

Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

Expressive Creativity

– Novel & appropriate communication

– “Long years ago, India made a tryst with destiny and the hour has come to redeem her pledge. At the stroke of midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom”

Existential Creativity

– ..concerns with effectiveness, creativity, self actualization potential of one own self & enhance human and natural worlds

– SriSri RaviShankar, Sadhus, etc

Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

Entrepreneurial Creativity

– ..generation and implementation of novel, appropriate ideas to establish a new venture

– ..novel prods/services, means of producing them, ways of utilization of resources, markets, resources, use of technology, etc

– JRD Tata, Ambani

Empowerment Creativity

– ..concerned with effectiveness, creativity, self actualization potential of others

– Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak (Sulabh), Muhammad Yunus (Grameen Bank)

Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

Potential for Creativity

Creativity

Personality

Creative

Intelligence

Motivation

Adopted from Amabile, How to Kill Creativity; Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

CPSS

Components of Creativity in A Task/Field

Expertise – Knowledge i.e. technical, procedural and intellectual

Intrinsic Motivation – Intrinsic motivation, an inner passion to solve the problem at hand leads to creative solutions than external rewards. Influenced by work environment

Components of Lifelong Creativity

Creative Personality - Hunger for Knowing, Sensitivity, Complexity, Venturing, Independence & Courage, Reality Contact, Self Sufficiency

Creative Intelligence - Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Problem Sensitivity, Guessing Causes & Consequences, Elaboration, Problem Restructuring

Creative Problem Solving Skills (CPSS) – fluency, flexibility, originality, problem sensitivity, problem restructuring, elaboration, guessing causes and consequences and most importantly persistence.

Components of Lifelong Creativity contd

Lifelong Motivation – Pioneering/Innovation, Altruistic, Self Actualization, Status & Safety Motives

Environment - Professional, Societal, Family, Social

Potential for Creativity

Creativity

Personality

Creative

Intelligence

Motivation

Adopted from Amabile, How to Kill Creativity; Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity

Blocks

to

Creativity

CPSS

Creative Personality Traits

Creative Personality Traits

Hunger for Knowing

Sensitivity

Complexity

Venturing

Independence & Courage

Reality Contact

Self Sufficiency

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Hunger of Knowing

Curiosity, constant questioning, strong interest in stimulating ideas, theories, and philosophies, always wanting to know the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of things, strong interest in trying to understand people’s motives and interests.

Sensitivity

Responsiveness to literature, arts and other fine and delicate things; interest in meeting interesting and sensitive persons; empathy for suffering; responsiveness to beauty and elegance.

Complexity

Intuitively finding correct solutions; being a visionary; having odd, even conflicting ideas, moodiness.

Venturing

Calculated risk taking; preference for starting own ventures; aiming big; striking out on one’s own.

Independence and Courage

Questions status quo or established order; sticking to core convictions; listens to experts but makes up own mind; clear and forceful assertion of feelings and viewpoints.

Reality Contact

Initiative taking in finding out operating constraints, confidence in managing crisis, quick adjustment to new challenges and information, grip on reality despite fantasying.

Self-sufficiency

Absorbed in challenging tasks; confident in operating in alien situations, tendency to take on tough tasks, persistence in getting ventures accomplished

Interpreting Creative Personality Scores

Any score above 80% indicates a potential for creativity.

Focus on your top 3 traits and identify areas where you can be creative

Personality Traits & Creativity Types All Traits are Important for Each Type of Creativity

Hunger for Knowing

Sensitivity

Complexity

Venturing

Independence & Courage

Reality Contact

Self Sufficiency

The top three trait for each type

Essence Creativity – H, S, C

Elaboration Creativity – S, C, V,

Expressive Creativity – S, C, RC

Existential Creativity – S, RC, SS

Entrepreneurial Creativity – V, IC, RC

Empowerment Creativity – S, IC, RC

Source: Adapted from Pradip Khandwalla, 2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Environment & Creativity

Formative

Environment

Adult Environment

Home

Environment

School

Environment

Social

Environment

Learning/Work

Environment

Your

Creativity

Environment & Creativity

Environmental Stimulants of Creativity

Stimulation

Nurturance

Optimal Tension

Constructive Feedback

Learning Opportunities

Diversity of Viewpoints

Accountable Freedom

Creative Role Models

Infrastructure

Support by Authority/Boss

Working With Your Scores

Check whether your familial and school environment was conducive for creativity

Is your current environment conducive for creativity?

– Expand your social circle

– Identify people who are very different from you and interact with them regularly

– Get involved in activities which enhance your sensitivity

– Create a circle of friends who push boundaries of the known

Creating a Creativogenic Environment

Coalition

Making oneself attractive to others

Marketing of Creative Ideas

Choices in terms of people, activities, situations, etc

Motivation for Creativity

Motivation for Creativity

Safety Motive

Competence Motive

Status Motive

Pioneering – Innovative Motive

Altruistic Motive

Self-Actualization Motive

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Motivation for Creativity

Pioneering – Innovative, Altruistic & Self-Actualization Motive lead to creativity

Creative people are weak in safety and status motive

Innovators are high in both competence motive and Pioneering – Innovative motive

Pioneering – Innovative Motive

Motivation for Entrepreneurial creativity

Art & literature

Scientific & technological invention

Theoretical work

Altruistic Motive

Motivation for empowerment creativity

Social change agent

Self-Actualization Motive

Motivation for existential creativity

Sustains in struggle for self actualization in chosen vocation

Improving Motivation for Creativity

Awareness

Desired Change

Role Model

Action

Reinforcement

How to Interpret the Scores

Check your net motivation for creativity

Net motivation for creativity = (PI+Altruistic + SA) – (Safety +Status)

This is indicative of whether your efforts are likely to be towards creativity

How to Interpret the Scores

Check whether your safety and status scores are the top two scores

– If yes, identify incidents from your childhood and growing up which influenced you to believe so, write down what happened considering the people, feelings and how you changed because of that incident. Re look at the incident and review your feelings about it

How to Interpret the Scores

Check whether your competence score is lowest two

– If yes, you may be facing issues of perseverance, completion, or staying the last mile in the tasks you take up

– Identify the statements you make to yourself to rationalize such behavior

– For each major/critical decision you take ask yourself ‘what is the price I am willing to pay?’ and be conscious of the commitment you make.

How to Interpret the Scores

Identify the top score, or combination of scores top two scores or the patterns in the three – PI, altruistic and self-actualization

Based on the pattern identify your natural inclination for the type of creativity

Based on your personality and motivation scores, identify the nature of task/job / profession/hobby where you can be naturally creative and build on that

Creative Intelligence

Fluency

Flexibility

Originality

Problem Sensitivity

Guessing Causes & Consequences

Elaboration

Problem Restructuring

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Creative Abilities

Problem sensitivity Can state difficulties or deficiencies in common

products or in social institutions, make judgment that

desired goals in a described situation have not been

achieved.

Fluency of thinking Able to think well and effortlessly

Word fluency Can easily state words containing a given letter or

combination of letters

Associational

fluency

Can easily state synonyms for a given word

Expressional fluency Can easily write well-formed sentences with a specified

content.

Ideational fluency Can easily produce ideas to fulfill certain requirements,

for example to name objects that are hard, white and

edible, or to write an appropriate title for a given

story.

Creative Abilities– contd. Flexibility of

thinking

Can easily abandon old ways of thinking and adopt new

ones.

Spontaneous

flexibility

Can produce a great variety of ideas. For example in

suggesting uses for a brick, subject can jump among

categories, from building material to weight to missile

to source of red powder.

Adaptive

flexibility

Can generalize requirements of a problem to find a

solution. For example, in a problem of forming

squares using a minimum number of lines, can

abandon the usual idea that all squares have to be the

same size.

Originality Comes up with ideas that are statistically unusual

Remote

associations

Forms associations between elements that are remote

from each other in time, or remote from each other

logically

Creative Abilities– contd.

Redefinition /

Restructuring

Which of the following objects could best be used to

make a needle: pencil, radish, shoe, fish,

carnation? (fish - use bone)

Elaboration Given a general task, fill in the detailed steps. Given

two simple lines, draw a more complex object

Causes guessing ability

Understand underlying patterns; causes &

consequences

Interest in

convergent

thinking

Thinking towards one right answer, as in solving a

mathematical problem stated in a textbook

Interest in divergent

thinking

Open-ended thinking, where there is not a single

right answer

Problem

Sensitivity

Convergent Thinking / Causes Guessing Ability

Problem Restructuring Ability

Originality

Convergent Thinking

Elaboration

Convergent Thinking

Creative Solution

Fluency Flexibility

Causes Guessing

Ability

Cre

ative A

bili

ties

and

Pro

ble

m S

olv

ing

Enhancing Creative Abilities

Sensitivity

Practice Naïve Perception

“ Ask Dumb Questions”

Cultivate Curiosity

Exposure & Experience

“Play the Role of a Researcher/Anthropologist”

Guessing Ability

Abstract facts & work back to causes

“Theorize, Use Analogy, Metaphors”

Identify key operating forces & guess causes

“Practice Guessing Causes of Everyday Phenomena”

Restructuring Ability

Look from different professional viewpoints

“Ask how would an artist / engineer / doctor / accountant / student / philosopher

look at this”

Ask provocative questions

Look for critical data

Look for alternative interpretations

Elaboration

Practice extending an idea’s implications and ramifications

“Look for Logical, Functional & Uncommon Linkages”

Buildup network of ideas

“Mind Mapping”

Fluency

Practice listing before deciding

“Brainstorm –defer evaluation & associate”

Practice brainstorm as play individually and with others

Flexibility

Deliberately look for new views/ ideas/ solutions/ perspectives

“Journalistic Six”

“Checklist of Questions”

“Triggers”

“Free Associations”

Originality

Practice associative thinking

“Remote Associations”

“Shifting Perceptions”

Look for deeper understanding

Creative Abilities

Fluency

Flexibility

Problem Sensitivity

Guessing Causes & Consequences

Elaboration

Problem Restructuring

Originality

Brainstorming

Multi perspective thinking

Naive perception / Qs

Roots & prescriptive thinking

Network of ideas

Diverse expert thinking

All others included

Blocks to Creativity

Blocks & Enablers of Creativity

Resource Myopia

Following the rules

Seeing play as only frivolous

Focusing on just the right answer

Being judgmental, critical

Fear of failure

Resourcefulness

Ability to think outside the rules

Playfulness

Focus on exploring possibilities

Being accepting

Ability to accept failure & learn form it

Discomfort with taking risks

Difficulty hearing another perspective or opinion

Lack of openness to ideas

Political problems and turf battles

Avoiding ambiguity

Intelligent risk taking

Active listening, acceptance of differences

Receptivity to ideas

Collaboration, focus on mutual gain

Tolerance for ambiguity

Blocks & Enablers of Creativity – contd.

Intolerance

Lack of flexibility

Giving up too soon

Worrying too much about what people will think

Thinking you are not creative

Tolerance

Flexibility

Persistence

Having an inner focus

Recognizing creative potential in self

Blocks & Enablers of Creativity – contd.

Blocks to Creativity

Fear of Failure

Allergy to Ambiguity

Fear of Humiliation

Fear of Social Criticism

Resource Myopia

Starved Sensibilities

Rigidity

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Fear or Allergy to Ambiguity / Uncertainty

Causes – Excessive routinized life

– Excessive specialization

Symptoms – Tendency to avoid unclear tasks, and complex brain teasing

tasks

Uses – Helps in clearing up confusion

– Prevents from invention, discovery, creation

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Conformity / Fear of Social Criticism

Causes

– Excessive social dos and don'ts

– Severe punishments for deviations

Symptoms

– Herd mentality

– Lack of independent judgment

– Excessive attachment to traditions

Uses

– Necessary for collective existence & acceptance

– Misses opportunities for growth and self actualization

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Fear of Failure

Causes – Excessive punishment for failure

– Excessive concern with loss of honor/ face

Symptoms – Tendency to restrict options & actions

– Restricting to sure of winning situations

Uses – Galvanizes a person for better effort

– Prevents from taking risks

– Inhibits from achieving full potential

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Touchiness / Fear of Humiliation

Causes – Being painfully rejected / humiliated in the past

leading to low self confidence & low self esteem

Symptoms – Aversion to meet strangers, Tendency to seek

flatterers, Sticking to same old group, coldness towards ‘threatening’ persons, excessive shyness

Uses – For artistic / scientific fields touchiness provides a

shield from intruding outsiders – A sense of loneliness may direct energy towards

creative activities of non-interpersonal type

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Resource Myopia

Causes – Excessive dependence

– Excessively sheltered life

– Lack of experience in dealing with problems

Symptoms – Tendency to get dependent and passive

– Feeling of helplessness

– Participating in narrow set of activities

Uses – Inhibits risk taking & divergent thinking

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Rigidity

Causes – Ignorance

– Deep seated anxiety / conflict

Symptoms – Tendency to stereotype

– Be dogmatic

– Fixation with tools, ideas, etc

Uses – Provides protection in turbulent times

– Impedes growth, experimentation, learning & innovation

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Starved Sensibilities Causes

– Over specialization in activities

– An ethic of asceticism

Symptoms – Feeling of dullness

– Inability to feel or experience or imagine richly

Uses – Provides concentration & single mindedness

– Reduces curiosity & openness, sense of fresh encounter with life

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

Working with Your Scores

Scores above 80 indicate a psychological block

Scores above 60 indicate that you need to be aware and work with it

Scores 20 and below indicate that you have to be cautious that your life orientation / attitude does not interfere with being effective as a manager

Working with Your Scores

See the pattern in the score and identify how the fears and blocks prevent you from

– Taking risks, experimenting, being open minded, learning, etc

Attempt to deblock

DEBLOCKING Blocks to Creativity

Fear of Failure

Allergy to Ambiguity

Fear of Humiliation

Fear of Social Criticism

•Awareness

•Analysis & Diagnosis

•Desire to unblock

•Help from a credible

source

•Inoculation

•Reward

•Goal setting

Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi

You see things: you say 'Why?' But I dream things that never are: and say 'Why not?'- George Bernard Shaw

All children are artists. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up - Pablo Picasso.

Thank You


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