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What is Creativity?
Can you name a few creative products/outputs?
Take a moment to look into your life and identify a few things you have done creatively.
Levels of Creativity
Elaboration
Improvement
Synthesis
Transformation
Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
Types of Creativity
Essence Creativity
– ..distilled creativity, the heart made visible..
– ..a fresh idea or concept or definition, a novel view point or interpretation or relationship or hypothesis/generalization, fresh wisdom,
– Gandhi’s Non-Violence,
Elaborative Creativity
– Distinctive elaboration of an idea, view point, principle, law, or issue which is contextually appropriate
– Epics, poems,
Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
Expressive Creativity
– Novel & appropriate communication
– “Long years ago, India made a tryst with destiny and the hour has come to redeem her pledge. At the stroke of midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom”
Existential Creativity
– ..concerns with effectiveness, creativity, self actualization potential of one own self & enhance human and natural worlds
– SriSri RaviShankar, Sadhus, etc
Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
Entrepreneurial Creativity
– ..generation and implementation of novel, appropriate ideas to establish a new venture
– ..novel prods/services, means of producing them, ways of utilization of resources, markets, resources, use of technology, etc
– JRD Tata, Ambani
Empowerment Creativity
– ..concerned with effectiveness, creativity, self actualization potential of others
– Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak (Sulabh), Muhammad Yunus (Grameen Bank)
Source: Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
Potential for Creativity
Creativity
Personality
Creative
Intelligence
Motivation
Adopted from Amabile, How to Kill Creativity; Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
CPSS
Components of Creativity in A Task/Field
Expertise – Knowledge i.e. technical, procedural and intellectual
Intrinsic Motivation – Intrinsic motivation, an inner passion to solve the problem at hand leads to creative solutions than external rewards. Influenced by work environment
Components of Lifelong Creativity
Creative Personality - Hunger for Knowing, Sensitivity, Complexity, Venturing, Independence & Courage, Reality Contact, Self Sufficiency
Creative Intelligence - Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Problem Sensitivity, Guessing Causes & Consequences, Elaboration, Problem Restructuring
Creative Problem Solving Skills (CPSS) – fluency, flexibility, originality, problem sensitivity, problem restructuring, elaboration, guessing causes and consequences and most importantly persistence.
Components of Lifelong Creativity contd
Lifelong Motivation – Pioneering/Innovation, Altruistic, Self Actualization, Status & Safety Motives
Environment - Professional, Societal, Family, Social
Potential for Creativity
Creativity
Personality
Creative
Intelligence
Motivation
Adopted from Amabile, How to Kill Creativity; Khandwalla, Lifelong Creativity
Blocks
to
Creativity
CPSS
Creative Personality Traits
Hunger for Knowing
Sensitivity
Complexity
Venturing
Independence & Courage
Reality Contact
Self Sufficiency
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Hunger of Knowing
Curiosity, constant questioning, strong interest in stimulating ideas, theories, and philosophies, always wanting to know the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of things, strong interest in trying to understand people’s motives and interests.
Sensitivity
Responsiveness to literature, arts and other fine and delicate things; interest in meeting interesting and sensitive persons; empathy for suffering; responsiveness to beauty and elegance.
Complexity
Intuitively finding correct solutions; being a visionary; having odd, even conflicting ideas, moodiness.
Venturing
Calculated risk taking; preference for starting own ventures; aiming big; striking out on one’s own.
Independence and Courage
Questions status quo or established order; sticking to core convictions; listens to experts but makes up own mind; clear and forceful assertion of feelings and viewpoints.
Reality Contact
Initiative taking in finding out operating constraints, confidence in managing crisis, quick adjustment to new challenges and information, grip on reality despite fantasying.
Self-sufficiency
Absorbed in challenging tasks; confident in operating in alien situations, tendency to take on tough tasks, persistence in getting ventures accomplished
Interpreting Creative Personality Scores
Any score above 80% indicates a potential for creativity.
Focus on your top 3 traits and identify areas where you can be creative
Personality Traits & Creativity Types All Traits are Important for Each Type of Creativity
Hunger for Knowing
Sensitivity
Complexity
Venturing
Independence & Courage
Reality Contact
Self Sufficiency
The top three trait for each type
Essence Creativity – H, S, C
Elaboration Creativity – S, C, V,
Expressive Creativity – S, C, RC
Existential Creativity – S, RC, SS
Entrepreneurial Creativity – V, IC, RC
Empowerment Creativity – S, IC, RC
Source: Adapted from Pradip Khandwalla, 2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Formative
Environment
Adult Environment
Home
Environment
School
Environment
Social
Environment
Learning/Work
Environment
Your
Creativity
Environment & Creativity
Environmental Stimulants of Creativity
Stimulation
Nurturance
Optimal Tension
Constructive Feedback
Learning Opportunities
Diversity of Viewpoints
Accountable Freedom
Creative Role Models
Infrastructure
Support by Authority/Boss
Working With Your Scores
Check whether your familial and school environment was conducive for creativity
Is your current environment conducive for creativity?
– Expand your social circle
– Identify people who are very different from you and interact with them regularly
– Get involved in activities which enhance your sensitivity
– Create a circle of friends who push boundaries of the known
Creating a Creativogenic Environment
Coalition
Making oneself attractive to others
Marketing of Creative Ideas
Choices in terms of people, activities, situations, etc
Motivation for Creativity
Safety Motive
Competence Motive
Status Motive
Pioneering – Innovative Motive
Altruistic Motive
Self-Actualization Motive
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Motivation for Creativity
Pioneering – Innovative, Altruistic & Self-Actualization Motive lead to creativity
Creative people are weak in safety and status motive
Innovators are high in both competence motive and Pioneering – Innovative motive
Pioneering – Innovative Motive
Motivation for Entrepreneurial creativity
Art & literature
Scientific & technological invention
Theoretical work
Altruistic Motive
Motivation for empowerment creativity
Social change agent
Self-Actualization Motive
Motivation for existential creativity
Sustains in struggle for self actualization in chosen vocation
How to Interpret the Scores
Check your net motivation for creativity
Net motivation for creativity = (PI+Altruistic + SA) – (Safety +Status)
This is indicative of whether your efforts are likely to be towards creativity
How to Interpret the Scores
Check whether your safety and status scores are the top two scores
– If yes, identify incidents from your childhood and growing up which influenced you to believe so, write down what happened considering the people, feelings and how you changed because of that incident. Re look at the incident and review your feelings about it
How to Interpret the Scores
Check whether your competence score is lowest two
– If yes, you may be facing issues of perseverance, completion, or staying the last mile in the tasks you take up
– Identify the statements you make to yourself to rationalize such behavior
– For each major/critical decision you take ask yourself ‘what is the price I am willing to pay?’ and be conscious of the commitment you make.
How to Interpret the Scores
Identify the top score, or combination of scores top two scores or the patterns in the three – PI, altruistic and self-actualization
Based on the pattern identify your natural inclination for the type of creativity
Based on your personality and motivation scores, identify the nature of task/job / profession/hobby where you can be naturally creative and build on that
Creative Intelligence
Fluency
Flexibility
Originality
Problem Sensitivity
Guessing Causes & Consequences
Elaboration
Problem Restructuring
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Creative Abilities
Problem sensitivity Can state difficulties or deficiencies in common
products or in social institutions, make judgment that
desired goals in a described situation have not been
achieved.
Fluency of thinking Able to think well and effortlessly
Word fluency Can easily state words containing a given letter or
combination of letters
Associational
fluency
Can easily state synonyms for a given word
Expressional fluency Can easily write well-formed sentences with a specified
content.
Ideational fluency Can easily produce ideas to fulfill certain requirements,
for example to name objects that are hard, white and
edible, or to write an appropriate title for a given
story.
Creative Abilities– contd. Flexibility of
thinking
Can easily abandon old ways of thinking and adopt new
ones.
Spontaneous
flexibility
Can produce a great variety of ideas. For example in
suggesting uses for a brick, subject can jump among
categories, from building material to weight to missile
to source of red powder.
Adaptive
flexibility
Can generalize requirements of a problem to find a
solution. For example, in a problem of forming
squares using a minimum number of lines, can
abandon the usual idea that all squares have to be the
same size.
Originality Comes up with ideas that are statistically unusual
Remote
associations
Forms associations between elements that are remote
from each other in time, or remote from each other
logically
Creative Abilities– contd.
Redefinition /
Restructuring
Which of the following objects could best be used to
make a needle: pencil, radish, shoe, fish,
carnation? (fish - use bone)
Elaboration Given a general task, fill in the detailed steps. Given
two simple lines, draw a more complex object
Causes guessing ability
Understand underlying patterns; causes &
consequences
Interest in
convergent
thinking
Thinking towards one right answer, as in solving a
mathematical problem stated in a textbook
Interest in divergent
thinking
Open-ended thinking, where there is not a single
right answer
Problem
Sensitivity
Convergent Thinking / Causes Guessing Ability
Problem Restructuring Ability
Originality
Convergent Thinking
Elaboration
Convergent Thinking
Creative Solution
Fluency Flexibility
Causes Guessing
Ability
Cre
ative A
bili
ties
and
Pro
ble
m S
olv
ing
Sensitivity
Practice Naïve Perception
“ Ask Dumb Questions”
Cultivate Curiosity
Exposure & Experience
“Play the Role of a Researcher/Anthropologist”
Guessing Ability
Abstract facts & work back to causes
“Theorize, Use Analogy, Metaphors”
Identify key operating forces & guess causes
“Practice Guessing Causes of Everyday Phenomena”
Restructuring Ability
Look from different professional viewpoints
“Ask how would an artist / engineer / doctor / accountant / student / philosopher
look at this”
Ask provocative questions
Look for critical data
Look for alternative interpretations
Elaboration
Practice extending an idea’s implications and ramifications
“Look for Logical, Functional & Uncommon Linkages”
Buildup network of ideas
“Mind Mapping”
Fluency
Practice listing before deciding
“Brainstorm –defer evaluation & associate”
Practice brainstorm as play individually and with others
Flexibility
Deliberately look for new views/ ideas/ solutions/ perspectives
“Journalistic Six”
“Checklist of Questions”
“Triggers”
“Free Associations”
Originality
Practice associative thinking
“Remote Associations”
“Shifting Perceptions”
Look for deeper understanding
Creative Abilities
Fluency
Flexibility
Problem Sensitivity
Guessing Causes & Consequences
Elaboration
Problem Restructuring
Originality
Brainstorming
Multi perspective thinking
Naive perception / Qs
Roots & prescriptive thinking
Network of ideas
Diverse expert thinking
All others included
Blocks & Enablers of Creativity
Resource Myopia
Following the rules
Seeing play as only frivolous
Focusing on just the right answer
Being judgmental, critical
Fear of failure
Resourcefulness
Ability to think outside the rules
Playfulness
Focus on exploring possibilities
Being accepting
Ability to accept failure & learn form it
Discomfort with taking risks
Difficulty hearing another perspective or opinion
Lack of openness to ideas
Political problems and turf battles
Avoiding ambiguity
Intelligent risk taking
Active listening, acceptance of differences
Receptivity to ideas
Collaboration, focus on mutual gain
Tolerance for ambiguity
Blocks & Enablers of Creativity – contd.
Intolerance
Lack of flexibility
Giving up too soon
Worrying too much about what people will think
Thinking you are not creative
Tolerance
Flexibility
Persistence
Having an inner focus
Recognizing creative potential in self
Blocks & Enablers of Creativity – contd.
Blocks to Creativity
Fear of Failure
Allergy to Ambiguity
Fear of Humiliation
Fear of Social Criticism
Resource Myopia
Starved Sensibilities
Rigidity
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Fear or Allergy to Ambiguity / Uncertainty
Causes – Excessive routinized life
– Excessive specialization
Symptoms – Tendency to avoid unclear tasks, and complex brain teasing
tasks
Uses – Helps in clearing up confusion
– Prevents from invention, discovery, creation
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Conformity / Fear of Social Criticism
Causes
– Excessive social dos and don'ts
– Severe punishments for deviations
Symptoms
– Herd mentality
– Lack of independent judgment
– Excessive attachment to traditions
Uses
– Necessary for collective existence & acceptance
– Misses opportunities for growth and self actualization
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Fear of Failure
Causes – Excessive punishment for failure
– Excessive concern with loss of honor/ face
Symptoms – Tendency to restrict options & actions
– Restricting to sure of winning situations
Uses – Galvanizes a person for better effort
– Prevents from taking risks
– Inhibits from achieving full potential
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Touchiness / Fear of Humiliation
Causes – Being painfully rejected / humiliated in the past
leading to low self confidence & low self esteem
Symptoms – Aversion to meet strangers, Tendency to seek
flatterers, Sticking to same old group, coldness towards ‘threatening’ persons, excessive shyness
Uses – For artistic / scientific fields touchiness provides a
shield from intruding outsiders – A sense of loneliness may direct energy towards
creative activities of non-interpersonal type
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Resource Myopia
Causes – Excessive dependence
– Excessively sheltered life
– Lack of experience in dealing with problems
Symptoms – Tendency to get dependent and passive
– Feeling of helplessness
– Participating in narrow set of activities
Uses – Inhibits risk taking & divergent thinking
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Rigidity
Causes – Ignorance
– Deep seated anxiety / conflict
Symptoms – Tendency to stereotype
– Be dogmatic
– Fixation with tools, ideas, etc
Uses – Provides protection in turbulent times
– Impedes growth, experimentation, learning & innovation
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Starved Sensibilities Causes
– Over specialization in activities
– An ethic of asceticism
Symptoms – Feeling of dullness
– Inability to feel or experience or imagine richly
Uses – Provides concentration & single mindedness
– Reduces curiosity & openness, sense of fresh encounter with life
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
Working with Your Scores
Scores above 80 indicate a psychological block
Scores above 60 indicate that you need to be aware and work with it
Scores 20 and below indicate that you have to be cautious that your life orientation / attitude does not interfere with being effective as a manager
Working with Your Scores
See the pattern in the score and identify how the fears and blocks prevent you from
– Taking risks, experimenting, being open minded, learning, etc
Attempt to deblock
DEBLOCKING Blocks to Creativity
Fear of Failure
Allergy to Ambiguity
Fear of Humiliation
Fear of Social Criticism
•Awareness
•Analysis & Diagnosis
•Desire to unblock
•Help from a credible
source
•Inoculation
•Reward
•Goal setting
Source: Pradip Khandwalla.2001 Lifelong Creativity. Tata McGrawhill :NewDelhi
You see things: you say 'Why?' But I dream things that never are: and say 'Why not?'- George Bernard Shaw
All children are artists. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up - Pablo Picasso.