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1 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
MET 112 Global Climate Change - Lecture 3
Clouds and global climateDr. Eugene Cordero
San Jose State University
Outline Water in the earth system Clouds and the radiation budget Seasons and energy balance Atmospheric circulation Climate Game
2 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
QuestionsQuestions
What role do clouds play on the Earth’s climate?
What would happen to our climate if clouds were to increase/decrease?
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Water in the atmosphereWater in the atmosphere
Definitions:
– Evaporation:
– Condensation:
– Precipitation:
Process where a liquid changes into a gasProcess where a liquid changes into a gas
Any liquid or solid water that Any liquid or solid water that falls from the atmosphere to the falls from the atmosphere to the ground. (i.e. RAIN!)ground. (i.e. RAIN!)
Process where a gas changes into a liquidProcess where a gas changes into a liquid
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Water freely Water freely evaporating and evaporating and condensingcondensing
Since more water Since more water molecules are molecules are evaporating than evaporating than condensing, then net condensing, then net evaporation is evaporation is occurring.occurring.
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Lid on:Lid on:
The humidity is now The humidity is now 100%100%
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Lid on:Lid on:
Now, evaporation and Now, evaporation and condensation are equal. condensation are equal. The air above water is The air above water is now called ‘saturated’.now called ‘saturated’.
The humidity is now The humidity is now 100%100%
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CondensationCondensation
The process by which water vapor changes to a cloud droplet
Water vapor molecules may ‘stick’ to
condensation nuclei and grow (billions) to eventually form cloud droplet.
Examples of condensation nuclei include:a.a. DustDustb.b. SaltSaltc.c. SmokeSmoke
Condensation occurs primarily as temperature cools:-colder the molecules more likely they are to ‘stick’ to other molecules
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http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/comp/cmoll/cmoll.html
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Clouds and radiationClouds and radiation
Cloud - Climate InteractionsCloud - Climate Interactions
Albedo effect - COOLINGAlbedo effect - COOLING Clouds reflect incoming solar radiation. Clouds reflect incoming solar radiation.
The cloud droplet size and total water content The cloud droplet size and total water content determine the overall reflectivity. determine the overall reflectivity.
Greenhouse effect - WARMINGGreenhouse effect - WARMING Clouds are good absorbers (and emitters) of long Clouds are good absorbers (and emitters) of long
wave (infrared) radiation.wave (infrared) radiation.
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Clouds and day to day Clouds and day to day temperaturestemperatures
Imagine that you are going camping in the Sierras Imagine that you are going camping in the Sierras with your friends. On the first day (and evening) it with your friends. On the first day (and evening) it is cloudy, while on the second day (and evening) it is cloudy, while on the second day (and evening) it is clear. Based on this information alone:is clear. Based on this information alone:
Which day would be warmer?Which day would be warmer?
Which evening would be warmer?Which evening would be warmer?
Explain your answers.Explain your answers.
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Which day would be warmer?
First d
ay (c
lear
)
Second d
ay (c
loudy)
Both
the
sam
e
0% 0%0%
1. First day (clear)
2. Second day (cloudy)
3. Both the same
0 of 70
19 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
Which evening would be warmer?
First d
ay (c
lear
)
Second d
ay (c
loudy)
Both
the
sam
e
0% 0%0%
1. First day (clear)
2. Second day (cloudy)
3. Both the same
0 of 70
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Low and High cloudsLow and High clouds
Consider two types of clouds:Consider two types of clouds:
1.1. Low levels clouds Low levels clouds
2.2. High levels cloudsHigh levels clouds
Q: How is the Earth’s surface energy budget Q: How is the Earth’s surface energy budget different for low clouds compared to high different for low clouds compared to high clouds?clouds?
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Clouds and climateClouds and climate
Cloud A: Low level, (dark, thick)Cloud A: Low level, (dark, thick)
Cloud B: High level, light Cloud B: High level, light (sub visible or thin)(sub visible or thin)
Excellent reflector of incoming radiation; good absorber/emitter of infrared radiation
Fair/poor reflector of incoming radiation; good/excellent absorber/emitter of
infrared radiation
So, clouds both warm and cool the earth. Overall, though, clouds act to cool the
earth
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Changes in cloudsChanges in clouds
Increases in low level clouds will:Increases in low level clouds will:–
Increases in high level clouds will:Increases in high level clouds will:
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Changes in cloudsChanges in clouds
Increases in low level clouds will:Increases in low level clouds will:– cool the surface (cooling outweighs cool the surface (cooling outweighs
warming)warming)
Increases in high level clouds will:Increases in high level clouds will:– warm the surface (warming outweighs warm the surface (warming outweighs
cooling)cooling)
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Explain how the earth’s climate would change as a result of aircarft contrails.
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1. What percentage of the sun’s radiation is a) absorbed by the Earth’s surface?b) absorbed by the atmospherec) reflected out to space?
2. What percentage of the energy received by the earth’s surface comes directly from greenhouse gas emissions?
3. If the sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the following energy units change (increase, decrease or stay the same)a) Energy gained by the Earth’s surface.b) Energy lost by the Earth’s surface.c) Energy emitted by greenhouse gases.d) Energy lost to space.
Questions
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What percentage of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface?
0.19
0.51 0.
71.
17
0% 0%0%0%
1. 19%
2. 51%
3. 70%
4. 117%
0 of 70
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What percentage of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere?
0.19
0.51 0.
71.
17
0% 0%0%0%
1. 19%
2. 51%
3. 70%
4. 117%
0 of 70
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What percentage of the sun’s radiation is reflected out to space?
0.19 0.
30.
64 0.7
1.11
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. 19%
2. 30%
3. 64%
4. 70%
5. 111%
0 of 70
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What percentage of the energy gained by the earth’s surface comes directly from greenhouse gas emissions?
0 of 70 0.3
0.43
0.51
0.65 0.
7
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. 30%
2. 43%
3. 51%
4. 65%
5. 70%
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If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the energy gained by the earth’s surface change?
Incr
ease
Decre
ase
Stay
the
sam
e
0% 0%0%
1. Increase
2. Decrease
3. Stay the same
0 of 70
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If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the energy emitted by greenhouse gases change?
Incr
ease
Decre
ase
Stay
the
sam
e
0% 0%0%
1. Increase
2. Decrease
3. Stay the same
0 of 70
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If the Sun’s radiation was to increase by 10% the energy
0 of 70Ent
erin
g the
top
of th.
..
Enter
ing th
e to
p of t
..
Enter
ing a
nd leav
ing...
0% 0%0%
1. Entering the top of the atmosphere would exceed the energy leaving
2. Entering the top of the atmosphere would be less than leaving
3. Entering and leaving would be the same
Controls on Climate
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Insolation –
Solstice –
Equinox –
Incoming solar radiation
day of the year when the sun shines directly over 23.5°S or 23.5°N
days of the year when the sun shines directly over the equator
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Sun angleSun angle
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Sun angle (2)Sun angle (2)
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What influences incoming What influences incoming solar energy?solar energy?
The Sun’s angle of incidence:– Lower sun angle, – Higher sun angle,
Length of time the Sun shines each day:– Summer season, – Winter season,
more incoming energymore incoming energy
less incoming energyless incoming energy
less sun hoursless sun hours
more sun hoursmore sun hours
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Why do we have seasons?Why do we have seasons?
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What month do you think this graph represents?What month do you think this graph represents?a) December b) March c) June d) Septembera) December b) March c) June d) September
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What month do you think this graph represents?
Decem
ber
Mar
ch
Septe
mber
June
0% 0%0%0%
1. December
2. March
3. June
4. September
0 of 70
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Review questionsReview questions
On June 21st, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead at noon?
On September 22nd, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead at noon?
How many hours of daylight are present at the South Pole on February 20th?
Where would you expect to have longer days; 45 ° N on June 21st or 50°S on Dec 21st?
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On June 21st, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead at noon?
Equat
or (0)
23.5
°N
23.5
°S
90°N
(north
pole
)
90°S
(south
pole
)
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Equator (0)
2. 23.5°N
3. 23.5°S
4. 90°N (north pole)
5. 90°S (south pole)
0 of 70
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How many hours of daylight are present at the South Pole on February 20th?
0 hours
6 hours
12 h
ours
18 h
ours
24 h
ours
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. 0 hours
2. 6 hours
3. 12 hours
4. 18 hours
5. 24 hours
0 of 70
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On September 22nd, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead at noon?
0 of 70Equ
ator (
0)
23.5
°N
23.5
°S
90°N
(north
pole
)
90°S
(south
pole
)
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Equator (0)
2. 23.5°N
3. 23.5°S
4. 90°N (north pole)
5. 90°S (south pole)
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Where would you expect to have longer days; 45 ° N on June 21st or 50°S on Dec 21st?
Choic
e One
Choic
e Tw
o
Choic
e Th
ree
Choic
e Fo
ur
0% 0%0%0%
1. 45°N
2. 50°S
3. They are the same
4. Impossible to tell
0 of 70
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Controls on ClimateControls on Climate
Seasonal temperature and precipitation patters Seasonal temperature and precipitation patters are generally attributable to: are generally attributable to:
LatitudeLatitude Mountains and highlandsMountains and highlands Land and water locationLand and water location Prevailing windsPrevailing winds Pressure and wind systems Pressure and wind systems Ocean currentsOcean currents
Annual Surface TemperatureAnnual Surface Temperature
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QuestionsQuestions
Indicate the warmest and coldest areas of the Indicate the warmest and coldest areas of the Earth.Earth.
Consider the temperature at 60N latitude. Indicate Consider the temperature at 60N latitude. Indicate on the map the coldest and warmest places at 60N. on the map the coldest and warmest places at 60N.
What is the temperature difference between these What is the temperature difference between these locationslocations
What factors might explain this temperature What factors might explain this temperature difference?difference?
Why is there not a similar difference seen at 60S?Why is there not a similar difference seen at 60S?
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Annual Surface TemperatureAnnual Surface Temperature
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Climate controls: Climate controls: Latitude/MountainsLatitude/Mountains
LatitudeLatitude– Higher latitude climates are generally Higher latitude climates are generally
(cooler/warmer)(cooler/warmer)– Lower latitudes climates are generally Lower latitudes climates are generally
(cooler/warmer)(cooler/warmer) MountainsMountains
– Higher altitudes climate are generally Higher altitudes climate are generally (cooler/warmer): cooler temperatures(cooler/warmer): cooler temperatures
– Windward side of mountains are generally Windward side of mountains are generally (cooler/warmer) and (wetter/drier), than leeward side(cooler/warmer) and (wetter/drier), than leeward side
73 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
Climate controls: Climate controls: Latitude/MountainsLatitude/Mountains
LatitudeLatitude– Higher latitude climates are generally Higher latitude climates are generally
(cooler/warmer)(cooler/warmer)– Lower latitudes climates are generally Lower latitudes climates are generally
(cooler/warmer)(cooler/warmer) MountainsMountains
– Higher altitudes climate are generally Higher altitudes climate are generally (cooler/warmer): cooler temperatures(cooler/warmer): cooler temperatures
– Windward side of mountains are generally Windward side of mountains are generally (cooler/warmer) and (wetter/drier), than leeward side(cooler/warmer) and (wetter/drier), than leeward side
74 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
Controls on ClimateControls on Climate
Seasonal temperature and precipitation patters Seasonal temperature and precipitation patters are generally attributable to: are generally attributable to:
LatitudeLatitude Mountains and highlandsMountains and highlands Land and water locationLand and water location Prevailing windsPrevailing winds Pressure and wind systems Pressure and wind systems Ocean currentsOcean currents
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Controls on Climate: OceansControls on Climate: Oceans
Ocean TemperaturesOcean Temperatures– Coasts of continents are affected by ocean Coasts of continents are affected by ocean
temperatures: Generally less temperature temperatures: Generally less temperature extremes compared to interior of continentsextremes compared to interior of continents
– Cold oceans: Cold oceans:
– Warm oceans:Warm oceans:
generally produce cooler/drier conditionsgenerally produce cooler/drier conditions
generally produce more warm/humid conditionsgenerally produce more warm/humid conditions
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Cold ocean Warm ocean
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Dry Humid
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Controls on Climate: Controls on Climate: Pressure systemsPressure systems
Rising and sinking motion associated with low Rising and sinking motion associated with low and high pressure affects climateand high pressure affects climate
Areas where pressure seasonally low, Areas where pressure seasonally low, –
Areas where pressure seasonally high, Areas where pressure seasonally high, –
Tropics: rainyTropics: rainy
Subtropical high (30N/3OS): warm and drySubtropical high (30N/3OS): warm and dry
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January Average sea-level Pressure and surface wind patternJanuary Average sea-level Pressure and surface wind pattern
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July Average sea-level Pressure and surface wind patternJuly Average sea-level Pressure and surface wind pattern
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Climate Game Climate Game Names ___________________________Names ___________________________
Match the city with the corresponding climatology Match the city with the corresponding climatology by indicating the appropriate letterby indicating the appropriate letter
Sacramento, California (38°°N) _____________ Phoenix, Arizona (33Phoenix, Arizona (33°°N)N) __________________________ Denver, Colorado (40Denver, Colorado (40°°N)N) __________________________ Iquitos, Peru (4Iquitos, Peru (4°°S)S) __________________________ Mobile, Alabama (30°°N) _____________ Winnipeg, Canada (50°°N) _____________ Fairbanks, Alaska (65°°N) _____________
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City A
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
9%11%
14%
20%
43%
3%0%
1. Sacramento, California
2.2. Phoenix, ArizonaPhoenix, Arizona
3.3. Denver, ColoradoDenver, Colorado
4.4. Iquitos, PeruIquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska
90 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
City B
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
82%
0%5% 3%
8%
0%3%
1. Sacramento, California
2.2. Phoenix, ArizonaPhoenix, Arizona
3.3. Denver, ColoradoDenver, Colorado
4.4. Iquitos, PeruIquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska
91 MET 112 Global Climate MET 112 Global Climate ChangeChange
City C
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
0%3%
11%
3%5%
70%
8%
1. Sacramento, California
2.2. Phoenix, ArizonaPhoenix, Arizona
3.3. Denver, ColoradoDenver, Colorado
4.4. Iquitos, PeruIquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska
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City D
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
0% 0% 3% 3%5%3%
87%1. Sacramento, California
2.2. Phoenix, ArizonaPhoenix, Arizona
3.3. Denver, ColoradoDenver, Colorado
4.4. Iquitos, PeruIquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska
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City E
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
8%
0%
53%
8%
16%16%
0%
1. Sacramento, California
2.2. Phoenix, ArizonaPhoenix, Arizona
3.3. Denver, ColoradoDenver, Colorado
4.4. Iquitos, PeruIquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska
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City F
Sacra
men
to, C
alifo
rnia
Phoen
ix, A
rizona
Denve
r, Col
orado
Iquito
s, P
eru
Mobile
, Ala
bama
Win
nipeg
, Can
ada
Fairb
anks
, Ala
ska
0%
8%5%
61%
26%
0%0%
1. Sacramento, California
2. Phoenix, Arizona
3. Denver, Colorado
4. Iquitos, Peru
5. Mobile, Alabama
6. Winnipeg, Canada
7. Fairbanks, Alaska