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1MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
PERSONAL, LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 4
Hossein BIDGOLI
MIS
2MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
LO1 Discuss information privacy and methods for improving the privacy of information.
LO2 Explain the effects on information privacy of e-mail, data collection, and censorship.
LO3 Discuss the ethical issues related to information technology .
LO4 Discuss the principles of intellectual property and issues related to the infringement of intellectual property.
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
3MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
LO5 Discuss information system issues that affect organizations, including the digital divide,
electronic publishing, and on the connection between the workplace and employees’ health. LO6 Describe green computing and the ways it can
improve the quality of the environment.
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
4MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Privacy Issues
• Concerns about privacy in the workplace – Employers search social networking sites– Employee monitoring systems
• Misuse and abuse of information gathered by:– Healthcare organizations– Financial institutions– Legal firms
• Defining privacy is difficult – Information technologies have increased ease of
access to information
5MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Social Networking Sites and Privacy Issues
• Stacy Snyder– Former student at Millersville University of
Pennsylvania– Posted a photo of herself on MySpace, wearing
a pirate’s hat and drinking
• Millersville administrators – Considered the image unprofessional – Refused to grant her an education degree and
teaching certificate
6MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
• Number of databases increasing rapidly • Enforcement of federal laws has been lax • Index and link databases using Social
Security numbers – Direct marketing companies major user of this
information
• U.S. government began linking large databases to find information
7MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
• Federal laws now regulate collecting and using information on people and corporations – 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act
• Acceptable use policies– Set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use
of a system and the consequences of noncompliance
• Accountability– Issues involving both the user’s and the
organization’s responsibilities and liabilities
8MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
• Nonrepudiation– Method for binding all the parties to a contract
• Hardware or software controls – Determine what personal information is
provided on the Web
9MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
• Presents some serious privacy issues • Spam
– Unsolicited e-mail sent for advertising purposes – Sent in bulk by using automated mailing
software
• Ease of access – People should assume that others have access
to their messages – Any e-mails sent on company-owned
computers are the property of the organization
10MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Data Collection on the Web
• Number of people shopping online is increasing
• Many customers reluctant to make online purchases – Concerns about hackers getting access to their
credit card numbers – Many credit card companies reimburse
fraudulent charges
• Other electronic payment systems are being developed
11MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)
• Concerned about computers’ contents being searched while they’re connected to the Web
• Information users provide on the Web – Combined with other information and
technologies to produce new information
• Cookies – Small text files with a unique ID tag– Embedded in a Web browser – Saved on the user’s hard drive– Many users disable cookies
12MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)
• Log files– Generated by Web server software– Record a user’s actions on a Web site
• Data collected on the Web must be used and interpreted with caution
13MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Ethical Issues of Information Technologies
• Ethics means doing the right thing– What is “right” can vary from one culture to
another and even from one person to another – More difficult to determine than legal versus
illegal
14MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Ethical Issues of Information Technologies (cont’d.)
• Information technology offers many opportunities for unethical behavior – Cybercrime, cyberfraud, identity theft, and
intellectual property theft
• Many experts believe management can reduce employees’ unethical behavior– Codes of ethics
• Many associations promote ethically responsible use of information systems and technologies – Codes of ethics
15MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
• Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people
• Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work
• Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s files
• Thou shalt not use a computer to steal• Thou shalt not use a computer to bear
false witness
16MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (cont’d.)
• Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid
• Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization
• Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output
• Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write
• Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect
17MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Censorship
• Who decides what should be on the Web?• Types of information
– Public– Private
• Whether or not something can be censored depends in part on who is doing the censoring
• Restricted access to the Web– Burma, China, and Singapore
• U.S. citizens don’t want the government controlling Web access
18MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Censorship (cont’d.)
• Parents are concerned about what their children are exposed to– Pornography, violence, and adult language
• Search keywords• Guidelines to teach their children to use
good judgment while on the Web • Programs such as CyberPatrol, CyberSitter,
Net Nanny, and SafeSurf
19MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Intellectual Property
• Intellectual property – Protections that involve copyrights, trademarks,
trade secrets, and patents for “creations of the mind” developed by people or businesses
• Industrial property– Inventions, trademarks, logos, and industrial
designs
• Copyrighted material– Literary and artistic works– May apply to online materials– Exceptions under Fair Use Doctrine
20MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Intellectual Property (cont’d.)
• Trademark– Protects product names and identifying marks
• Patent – Protects new processes – Organizations can benefit from patents
• Software piracy • Laws
– Telecommunications Act of 1996 – Communications Decency Act (CDA) – Laws against spamming
21MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Intellectual Property (cont’d.)
• Internet use policy – Avoid legal risks
• Cybersquatting– Registering, selling, or using a domain name to
profit from someone else’s trademark
22MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Verizon’s Cybersquatting Suit
• Verizon sued OnlineNic • OnlineNic registered domain names
containing Verizon trademarks – myverizonwireless.com– iphoneverizonplans.com– verizon-cellular. com
• Verizon won this suit
23MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Social Divisions and the Digital Divide
• Digital divide – Computers still aren’t affordable for many
people– Companies installing cables for Internet
connections might subject their communities to a type of economic “red-lining”
– Children are often victims of this divide
• Funding for computers at schools and libraries
• Loaner programs
24MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace • New jobs for:
– Programmers– Systems analysts– Database and network administrators– Network engineers– Webmasters– Web page developers– e-commerce specialists– Chief information officers (CIOs)– Technicians
25MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)• Web designers• Java programmers• Web troubleshooters • Telecommuting and virtual work • Job deskilling
– Skilled labor eliminated by introducing high technology
– Job downgraded from a skilled to a semiskilled or unskilled position
26MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Potential benefits and potential drawbacks of telecommuting Table 4.1
27MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)• Job upgrading
– Clerical workers who now use computers
• One skilled worker might be capable doing the job of several workers
• Virtual organizations– Networks of independent companies, suppliers,
customers, and manufacturers– Connected via information technologies – Share skills and costs – Have access to each other’s market
28MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Information Technology and Health Issues
• Reports of health-related issues caused by video display terminals (VDTs)– No conclusive study – Health problems associated with the
environment in which computers are used
29MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Information Technology and Health Issues (cont’d.)
• Other reports of health problems – Vision– Musculoskeletal– Skin– Reproductive– Stress-related
• Amount of time some people spend on the Web
30MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Health and Social Issues of Online Gaming
• Online games World of Warcraft and EverQuest blamed for a host of problems– Poor academic performance, divorce, suicide,
and the death of a child because of parental neglect
• Fantasy worlds in online games believed to be addictive and to affect marriages and careers
31MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Green Computing
• Computing that promotes a sustainable environment and consumes the least amount of energy
• Helps an organization save on energy costs
• Improves the quality of the environment in which we live and work
32MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Green Computing (cont’d.)
• Green computing– Involves the design, manufacture, use, and
disposal of computers, servers, and computing devices
– Monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications equipment
– Minimal impact on the environment
• Implemented without the cooperation of both the private and the public sector
• Goals
33MIS, Chapter 4
©2014 Cengage Learning
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
Summary
• Privacy issues related to information technologies – Methods for protecting privacy: Personal
information and organizations’ data resources
• Ethical issues related to information systems– Censorship, intellectual property laws, digital
divide
• Effect of information systems on the workplace and possible heath issues
• Green computing– Impact on the environment