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Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model
Martin DoerrCenter for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science
Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
TPDL 2011
Helsinki, Finland June 10, 2012
FRBROO
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 2
Outline: Logic of integrating library and museum information The CRM-FRBR Harmonization Project Interpretation of FRBR Group-1 entities A process view of intellectual content creation Container Work and incorporation Identifier creation Conclusions
Outline
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 3
Libraries and museums have complementary roles: Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.
Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.
Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.
Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.
Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information
There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information.
DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD, CIDOC CRM.
Library and Museum Information
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 4
Libraries Museums
Archives
illustrate,exemplify
refer toBooks
Objects, Sites
primary Documents
provide finding aids
are about
document features & context
providefinding aids
contain narrativesmade from
publish
using
SMRs
Epistemology of Integration
document manage
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 5
The “Harmonization” Project
2003-2011 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:
A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.
To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.
Reengineering from FRBR text as empirical base, and adaptation of CRM to cover new higher-level abstractions emerging from FRBR ontological interpretation
Produced in 2009 FRBROO
Work is continuing with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) and FRSAD (Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 6
CRM
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) a core ontology initially aiming at integrating cultural heritage information existing documentation
Innovations:
centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.
explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.
typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.
Lacks: a model of intellectual work
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 7
FRBR The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
developed 1992-1997 by IFLA (now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for (Subject) Authority Data (FRAD/FRSAD)
A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation : 4+6 Entities, 97 attributes, 34 relationships
Based on new requirement to make derivation/intellectual relations/equivalences accessible to bibliographic access/search?
Might result in a new library practice
Innovations:
Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item (precise distinctions debated for many years).
Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.
Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind.
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 8
FRBR : Abstraction Levels
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
has part
is realized through(is a realization of)
has part
is embodied in(is the embodiment of )
has part
is exemplified by(exemplifies )
has part
has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation
“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…there is no single material object one can point to as the work...”
“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic
notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”
“the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics……may be only a single physical exemplar…”
“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”
has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 9
Conception of FRBROO
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is an ontology of a material and phenomenological view of the past in terms of discrete things
and processes in a human-centric, mesoscopic scale It provides an explanation of concepts and statements appearing in
documentation, not a theory of the world example: we need not decide whether an object carries information or not, we need
to decide what it means that someone says it carries this particular information…. As long as memory institutions and researchers document things without
explicit representation of things like “zeitgeist” and telepathy, intellectual relations are mediated by material processes only.
This phenomenological view constrains intellectual content, processes and communication.
Therefore the CRM view is in principle suited as superontology for FRBROO
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 10
Conception of FRBROO
Scope of FRBROO: processes creating and mediating content, evidence of content, inferred abstraction of content (expression => work!)
Innovations: Theory of identifying immaterial objects Connecting material and intellectual production (“externalization”) Explicating the publication work (publishing houses, graphics designers,
illustrators) Coherent theory of performances, content and recordings A new intellectual content relationship: “incorporation” ! Adaptation of CRM:
(Information Object => Propositional /Symbolic divide) Identifier definition & construction (librarians have the best models of identifiers!)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 11
Interpretation of Work / Expression Concepts
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work F14 Individual Work
R1 is logical successor of(has successor)
R2 is derivative of(has derivative)
R10 has member(is member of)
E89 Propositional Object The substance of Work is propositions (the “ideas”).Only through the comprehension of the propositions is derivation possible!
Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”)
Complex Work: Coherent set of Individual Works Continuation (possibly by others), derivatives,
complements, alternatives, translations!
The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression
depend on the function.
Self-Contained Expression: Evidence of Individual Work “Complete” – either according to the author or unfinished.
Expression Fragment: Any piece, in relation to the whole.
F2 Expression
F22 Self Contained Expression
F23 Expression Fragment
R5 has component(is component of)
R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)
E73 Information Object
R15 has fragment (is fragment of)
R3 is realized in(realizes)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 12
Clarification of Manifestation Concepts
Item Manifestation
Singleton
F3 Manifestation Product Type
E55 Type
E24 Physical Man-Made StuffE84 Information Carrier
immaterial
material
Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) Note the polysemy of an industrial
product type and the information content which is part of its features!
An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type
A Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. inscription)
F2 Expression
R4 comprises carriers of
R7 is example of(has example)
P128 carries (is carried by)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 13
ISBN:960-86830-0-9
F5 Item
E19 Physical Object F3 Manifestation Product Type
E60 Number
CLP57 should have number of parts
P57 has number of parts
Individual copies
Inherits from E19 Physical Object:P57 has number of parts
2
CPL57 should have number of parts
P57 has number of parts
“R7 is example of” = instances
R7 is e
xam
ple
of
(has
exa
mple
)
Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type.
This is simulated by property R7
1 3 …2 n
Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass !
E55 Type
instances
Metaclasses
particulars
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 14
The Process View: “Externalization”
Work conception Expression creation
Work elaboration
produces a work
produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) anExpression and a Manifestation-Singleton
F28 Expression Creation
F27 Work Conception
F1 Work
E39 Actor
E52 Time
E53 Place
F2 ExpressionF4 Manifestation Singleton
R16 initiated (was initiated by)
P14 carried out by
(performed)
P4 has time-span(is time-span of)
P7…
R17 created(was created by)
R18 created (was created by)
P4…
P7 took place at(witnessed)
P14 carried out by(performed)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
time
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 15
The Externalization
E28 Conceptual
Object
E84 Information
Carrier
E24 Physical
Man-Made Thing
E65 Creation
E12 Production
F28 Expression Creation
F2 Expression
F22 Self Contained Expression
F23 Expression Fragment
F4 ManifestationSingleton
F14 Individual Work
F15 Complex Work
F1 Work
F5 Item
F3 Manifestation Production Type
F32 Carrier Production
EventR19 created a realization of
(was realised through)
R9 is realised in (realises)
R18 created (was created by)
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)
R7 is example of (has example)
R17 created(was created by)
R28 produced (was produced by)
A Causal Interpretation of FRBR
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 16
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis
Publisher’s Level
F14 Individual Work
F22 Self-Contained Expression
F19 Publication Work
F24 Publication Expression
F32 Carrier Production EventF5 Item
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F15 Complex Work
“Oliver Twist” Ideas
“Oliver Twist” Version
“Oliver Twist” Text
“Oliver Twist” Manuscript
“Oliver Twist” Publication Concept
“Oliver Twist”Publication content
“Oliver Twist” Publication
“Oliver Twist”Printing
“Oliver Twist” 20th Book
R3 is realized in(realises)
R3 is realized in(realises)
CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)
R7 is example of(has example)
R28 produced(was produced by
R27 used as source material(was used by)
R10 has member(is member of)
Author’s Level
F30 Publication Event
“Oliver Twist” published!
R24 created(was created through)
R26 produced things of type(was produced by)
R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)
P128 carries(is carried by)
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
R23 created a realization of (was realized through)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 17
Creation View: A Design Pattern
F5 ItemR28 produced (was
produced by)
R18 created (was created by) F28 Expression Creation R17 created
(was created by)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
F30 Publication Event
F32 Carrier Production Event
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F2 Expression
Activities Conceptual Objects
F27 Work Conception F1 WorkR16 initiated(was initiated by)
R3 is realised in (realises)
Physical Objects
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F19 Publication Work
R23 created a realisation of(was realised through)
F24 Publication Expression
R24 created(was created by)
R27 used as source material (was used by)
F3 Manifestation Product Type
R26 produced things of type(was produced by)
Identifiable Forms of immaterial objects
F33 Reproduction EventE84 Information Carrier
R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)
R30 produced (was produced by)
CLR6 should carry (should be carried by)
F27 Work ConceptionR16 initiated
(was initiated by)
R3 is realised in (realises)P16 used specific object
(was used for)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 18
Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing
Electronic Publishing
F24 Publication Expression
F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item
CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)
R7 is example of(has example)
R27B was used by (used as source material)
F30 Publication Event
“Result of an industrial process”
R28 produced(was produced by)
R26 produced things of type(was produced by)
makes accessible: “how to produce”
“copy on localcarrier”
R24 created(was created through)
R6 carries (is carried by)
E29 Design or Procedure
P16 used specific object (was used for)
P94 has created (was created by)
makes accessible: “how to download”
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
F24 Publication Expression
F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item
R27B was used by(used as source material)
F30 Publication Event
R28 produced(was produced by)
R24 created(was created through)
R6 carries(is carried by)
E29 Design or Procedure
P94 has created (was created by)
P16 used specific object (was used for)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 19
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
R22 realised (was realised through)
R12 is realised in (realises) R21 created
(was created by)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
R17 created(was created by)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
R17 created(was created by)
R20 recorded(was recorded though)
R25 performed (was performed in)
R13 is realised in (realises)
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
R10 has member(is member of)
F16 Container Work
R9 is realised in (realises)
R2 is derivative of (has derivative)
R10 has member(is member of)
Performing Arts : An “Added Value” Chain
R10 has member(is member of)
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV ” Idea
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 2 ” Idea
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea Adaptation
F20 Performance Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of mise-en-scene
F21 Recording Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea ofrecording
F28 Expression Creation
Adaptation of Henry IV part 1 action
F28 Expression Creation
Henry IV part 1 mise-en-scene action
F25 Performance Plan
Henry IV part 1 “mise-en-scène” guidelines
F29 Recording Event
Recording Performance
25/12/07 action
F31 Performance
Performance 25/12/07 action
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Henry IV part 1 Adaptation Text
F26 Recording
Henry IV part 1 Play 25/12/07
DVD
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 20
F20 Performance Work
F25 Performance Plan
F21 Recording Work
F26 Recording
R12 is realised in (realises)
F28 Expression Creation
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
F31 Performance
R25 performed (was performed in)
F29 Recording Event
R22 realised(was realised through)
R21 created(was created by)
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F2 Expression
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
COLLOCATION!
R20 recorded(was recorded though)
Participants may write up other memories
(performances may not be recorded)
Activities Conceptual ObjectsPhysical Objectsidentifiable forms of immaterial objects
R18 created (was created by)
F4 Manifestation Singleton
P11 had participant (participated in)
E39 Actors
E53 Place
P7 took place at (witnessed)
P7 took place at (witnessed)
R17 created(was created by)
P128 carries (is carried by)
P16 used specific object (was used for)
R13 is realised in (realises)
Performance View: A Design Pattern
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 21
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
R17 created(was created by)
F16 Container Work
Container Work Example: A Journal Volume
F19 Publication Work
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
F28 Expression Creation
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Special Theme Text
F22 Self-Contained Expression
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
P148 has component (is component of)
R3 is realised in (realises)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project1 Text
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project2 Text
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project3 Text
F22 Self-Contained Expression
editorial Text…………….
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
R17 created(was created by)
F17 Aggregation Work
“Special Theme ”
F28 Expression Creation
“Special Theme ”
R3 is realised in (realises)
R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)
R17 created(was created by)
F14 Individual Work
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
F28 Expression Creation
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
R3 is realised in (realises)
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
R14
inco
rpo
rate
s (i
s in
corp
ora
ted
in)
R10 has member(is member of)
F18 Serial Work
“ERCIM News ”
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 22
The collected expressions are integral part of the containing expression
The works of the collected expressions do not become part of the container work
Expression of Work X
Expression of Work Y
F16 Container Work
<Additional Expr.>
Expression of Work X
Expression of Work Y
Overall Expression
Work X Work Y
R3 is realised in(realises)
R14 is incorporated in
R3 is realised in(realises)
R3 is realised in(realises)
R14 is incorporated in
Container Work and Incorporation
P148 has component (is component of)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 23
Specializations of Work and Expression
F21 Recording Work
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work
F14 Individual Work
F20 Performance WorkF16 Container Work
F18 Serial Work
F17 Aggregation Work
F19 Publication Work
E89 Propositional Object
E90 Symbolic Object
E73 Information Object
E29 Design or Procedure
F2 ExpressionF22 Self-Contained
Expression
F25 Performance Plan
F26 Recording
F24 Publication Expression
E42 IdentifierF13 Identifier
E41 AppellationF12 Name
F23 Expression Fragment
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 2424
E7 Activity
E1 CRM Entity
E39 ActorP14 carried out by
(performed)
P1 is identified by (identifies)
Generalization
property
E15 Identifier AssignmentF40 Identifier Assignment
E41 AppellationF12 Name
E42 IdentifierF13 Identifier
P37 assigned (was assigned by)R46 assigned (was assigned by)
E29 Design or Procedure
P38 deassigned (was deassigned by)
P142 used constituent (was used in)R47 used constituent (was used in)
R45 assigned to (was assigned by)
F43 Identifier Rule
R52 used rule (was the rule used in
P33 used specific technique(was used by)
E13 Attribute AssignmentP140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by)
E90 Symbolic Object
P106 is composed of (forms part of)
R8 consists of(forms part of)
Improving CRM: Identifier Assignment
Adaptations of the CRM
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 25
How to identify an Expression, a Work?
F42 Representative Expression Assignment
F1 Work
F2 Expression
F3 Manifestation Product Type
F4 Manifestation-Singleton
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation-singleton)
R41 has representative manifestation product type(is representative manifestation product type for)
F44 Bibliographic Agency
R43 carried out by
(performed)
R50 assign to(was assigned by)
R49 assigned
(was assigned by)
R44 carried out by
(performed)
R51 assigned
(was assigned by)
R48 assigned to
(was assigned by)
R53 assigned(was assigned by)
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)
F22 Self-ContainedExpression
F23 Expression Fragment
R15 is fragment of(has fragment)
E39 Actor E13 Attribute Assignment
F15 Complex Work
R3 is realised in (realises)
R40 has representative expression (is representative expression of)
R10 has member (is member of)
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 26
E65 Creation
F30 Publication Event
E12 Production
F28 Expression Creation
F32 Reproduction Event
F33 Carrier production Event
E63 Beginning of Existence
F27 Work Conception
E7 Activity
E11 Modification
E83 Type Creation
E13 Attribute Assignment
F42 Representative Expression Assignment
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
F40 Identifier Assignment
E15 Identifier Assignment
F31 Performance
F29 Recording Event
E5 Event
Summary of new Activity Concepts
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 27
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary
Applications: Introduces FRBR to Europeana (extremely light-weighted!!) European Projects
CASPAR 3D-COFORM\
and others…..
Links: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 28
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions
Ongoing work: Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD
(subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2.0
New concepts:
Name Use Statement = prescribing the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema”, audience and a validity period
Name Use Activity = historical reference to the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema” by some Actors in a particular role or context
Floruit = period of Activity of an Actor in some subject area
FRBROO
CIDOC June 10, 2012 29
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions
The combined model CRM – FRBROO:
Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization
On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.
On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.
clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR
Ongoing work: Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD
(subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2.0