Date post: | 15-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | blake-shepherd |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
1
Module 2 Module 2 Mekong Resources,Mekong Resources,
Benefits to people, and Planning Issues Benefits to people, and Planning Issues
session 1 : The Mekong and its water session 1 : The Mekong and its water resources resources
Module 2 Module 2 Mekong Resources,Mekong Resources,
Benefits to people, and Planning Issues Benefits to people, and Planning Issues
session 1 : The Mekong and its water session 1 : The Mekong and its water resources resources
2
Module ObjectiveModule ObjectiveModule ObjectiveModule Objective
Participants can identify Mekong water/ relate resources, current benefits to basin peoples, potentials for future development, and able to define key issues for planning water resources development.
3
“..the Mekong River Basin and
the related natural resources and
environment are natural assets of
immense value…”
1995 Agreement
4
• China• Myanmar• Laos• Thailand• Cambodia• Viet Nam
Discharge: 475 km3 / yearArea: 795,000 km2
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
Upper Basin
LowerBasin
Murray-DarlingDischarge: 12.6 km3 / yearArea: 1,073,000 km2
5
Mekong River Basin
Upper Mekong Basin (UMB) 18 % of total flow (China 16% & Myanmar 2%)
Lower Mekong Basin (LMB)
625,000 km2
82 % total flows Cambodia – 18% Lao PDR– 35% Thailand – 18% Viet Nam – 11%
6
MRB water resourceMRB water resourceMRB water resourceMRB water resource
Description China Mya Lao Thai Cam V/N Total
Catchment (Km2 )
165,000 24,000 202,000 184,000 155,000 65,000 795,000
% of Basin 22% 3% 25% 23% 19% 8%
% of country
4% 97% 36% 86% 20%
Average Flow (m3/s)
2,410 300 5,270 2,560 2,860 1,660 15,060
Percentage 16% 2% 35% 18% 18% 11%
7
Main regions in the Mekong Main regions in the Mekong Main regions in the Mekong Main regions in the Mekong
8
Main regions
• Upper Mekong Basin
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
For most of its length, it flowsThrough narrow valleys in the Mountain in China. UpperBasin is narrow, with few tributaries And gives 18% of the total flow
9
Manwan and Dachaoshan dams,
Feb 2003
20 km
10
Main regions• Upper Mekong Basin• Lower Mekong basin
•Highlands
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
11
12
13
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
Main regions
• Upper Mekong Basin• Lower Mekong
• Highlands• Central/Isan Plateau
14
15
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
Main regions
• Upper Mekong Basin• Highlands• Central / Isan Plateau• Cambodian plain and
Great Lake
16
17
Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin
Main regions
• Upper Mekong Basin• Highlands• Isan Plateau• Cambodian plain and
Great Lake• Delta
18
19
Flow regime Flow regime Flow regime Flow regime
20
Hydrological RegimeHydrological RegimeHydrological RegimeHydrological Regime Hydro. Regime depends on climatic conditions
of wet and dry seasons. High water period from Sept – Nov; Low flow
period from Feb. – April.
Flood season in mainstream and tributaries, from June-July to Nov-Dec accounts for 85-90% of total annual water volume.
Peak month of Sept accounts for 20-30% of annual flow.
21
Monsoonal climate
• dry season November to May
• wet season June to October
35%
20%
Contribution to Mekong flows
16%
ClimateClimate
22
T he M ekon g at P akse, maximum, mean , min imum fl ow ( 19 2 5 - 2 0 0 1)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
J an Feb Mar Apr May J un J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
MEAN MONTHLY
MONTHLY MAXI MUM
MONTHLY MI NI MUM
23
The % contribution of flow from ChinaThe % contribution of flow from Chinato average monthly flow at …to average monthly flow at …
%%
Flow from China dominates the dry season hydrology of the Lower Mekong
Flood season flows mostly originate within Laos and the lower basin
The % contribution of flow from ChinaThe % contribution of flow from Chinato average monthly flow at …to average monthly flow at …
24
Daily flow at Kratie
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Date
Flo
w (
cu
me
cs
)
2000
1998
20 m
River variability
Flooding
25
Extent of Extent of flooding in LMBflooding in LMB
Extent of Extent of flooding in LMBflooding in LMB
26
Water quality
27
3 commonly identified 3 commonly identified
water quality issueswater quality issues 3 commonly identified 3 commonly identified
water quality issueswater quality issues
Sediments in the waterSalinity ( NE Thai & VN Delta) Eutrophication
28
Trends in total suspended sediment (TSS) in the Lower Mekong Basin
Water quality Water quality monitoringmonitoring
29
TSS before and after filling TSS before and after filling Manwan DamManwan Dam
TSS before and after filling TSS before and after filling Manwan DamManwan Dam
TSS at Chaeng Saen (1985-1992)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Feb-82 Nov-84 Aug-87 May-90 Jan-93 Oct-95 Jul-98 Apr-01 Jan-04
DATE
TS
S (
mg
/L)
30
SalinitySalinity SalinitySalinity
In NE Thailand where there has been concerns for salinity, 4 of 5 sites show a decrease
most concern sites in Vietnam (9) show also a decrease.
Eutrophication Eutrophication Eutrophication Eutrophication
Mostly a problem in VN delta – 40 sites in the delta show an increase in phosphorus – 31 site in delta show increase in nitrogen
– ( both N & P are parameter used eutrophication)
31
Water quality Water quality Water quality Water quality
In summary It is quite good when compare with
many other international rivers !