1. Motivation & Emotion - गृहपृष्ठ. motivation... · Abraham Harold Maslow (April...

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Dr. Nirmal Lamichhane

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How to Make the World a Better Place

1.   Meaning and definition of motivation 2.   Maslow’s concept of motivation, including

hiearchy of needs 3.   Role of motivation in learning and health

education


}  intentions, desires, goals, and needs that determine human and animal behavior.


A simple definition of motivation is the ability to change behavior. It is a drive that compels one to act because human behavior is directed toward some goal. Every behaviour has a meaning - Prof. Andrew Sims Every behaviour has a motive –Nirmal!!

The drive that produces goal-directed behavior.

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}  Motivation is intrinsic (internal); it comes from within based on personal interests, desires, and need for fulfillment.

}  However, extrinsic (external) factors such as rewards, praise, and promotions also influence motivation.

}  As defined by Daft (1997), motivation refers to "the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action"



Abraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970), American psychologist. Known especially for his theory of motivation. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs.

Maslow placed self-actualization at the peak of his hierarchy of human motivations, the concept for which he is best known today.

Maslow's Theory of Motivation - Hierarchy of Needs

In 1943, Abraham Maslow's article A Theory of Human Motivation appeared in Psychological Review, which were further expanded upon in his book: Toward a Psychology of Being

Abraham Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than prior pyschology theories of his day from leaders in the field of psychology such as Freud and B.F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behavior. From Maslow's theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of employee motivation for the purposes of employee and workforce management.


Instead of basing his psychological model on people with mental and emotional problems, he used as his point of reference a collection of exceptionally dynamic and successful historical and contemporary figures whom he considered “self-actualizers,” including Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826) US president, Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), Addams, Jane (1869-1935) US social worker Albert Einstein (1879-1955), and Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) US first lady, social reformer .

Interesting Fact

The basis of Maslow's theory of motivation is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be addressed.

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An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom.

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The basis of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory is that people are motivated by needs that remain unsatisfied, and that certain lower factors have to be satisfied in order for higher needs to be recognized as unfulfilled. Maslow identified general categories of needs (survival, physiological, love, safety, and esteem) which have to be fulfilled in order for someone to act in an unselfish manner. These needs were referred to as "deficiency needs." While we are motivated to fulfill these needs, we progress toward growth and, eventually, self-actualization. It is a healthy, normal part of life to attempt to satisfy these needs. While, on the other hand, prevention of this gratification can make the person sick or even act in an evil manner.


Physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as: q  Air q  Water q  Food q  Sleep According to this theory, if these fundamental needs are not satisfied then one will surely be motivated to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not recognized until one satisfies the needs basic to existence.

Physiological Needs


Once physiological needs are met, one's attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by: q  Living in a safe area q  Medical insurance q  Job security q  Financial reserves According to the Maslow hierarchy, if a person feels threatened, needs further up Maslow's Needs Pyramid will not receive attention until that need has been resolved.

Safety Needs


Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level motivators awaken. The first level of higher level needs are social needs. Social needs are those related to interaction with others and may include: q  Friendship q  Belonging to a group q  Giving and receiving love

Social Needs


After a person feels that they "belong", the urge to attain a degree of importance emerges. Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators and internal motivators. Some examples of esteem needs are: q  Reputation & Recognition (external motivator) q  Attention (external motivator) q  Social Status (external motivator) q  Accomplishment (internal motivator) q  Self-respect (internal motivator) q  Self-esteem (internal motivator)

Esteem Needs


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Is the summit of Maslow's motivation theory. It is about the quest of reaching one's full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow.

Self-actualization

Truth Justice Wisdom Meaning Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization.

Self-actualized people tend to have motivators such as:


ERG Theory of Mo-va-on -‐ Clayton P. Alderfer In 1969, Clayton Alderfer's revision of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, called the ERG Theory

The ERG theory (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth), and was created to align Maslow's motivation theory more closely with empirical research.


Similarities to Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Growth

Self-Actualization

External Esteem Needs

Relatedness

Internal Esteem Needs

Social Needs

Existence

Safety Needs

Physiological Needs


Differences from Maslow's Needs Hierarchy q  more than one need may motivate at the same time. q  A lower motivator need not be substantially satisfied

before one can move onto higher motivators.

q  the order of needs can be different for different people.

q  For example, it can explain the "starving artist" who may place growth needs above those of existence

q  If a higher-order need is frustrated, an individual may regress to increase the satisfaction of a lower-order need which appears easier to satisfy.

q  This is known as the frustration-regression principle.


3. Role of motivation in learning and health education

The study of motivation is concerned with the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior.

All students are intrinsically motivated to learn.

Behavioral and cognitive psychologists agree that motivation is essential for learning.

If Maslow's theory is true, there are some very important leadership implications to enhance motivation.

Applying Maslow's Needs Hierarchy


Applying Maslow's Needs Hierarchy………………….

Physiological Motivation: Provide ample breaks for lunch, extracurricular activities and time to buy life's essentials. Safety Needs: Provide an environment which is safe, secure, and free from threats. Social Needs: Generate a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. Esteem Motivators: Recognize achievements, assign important projects, and provide status to make them feel valued and appreciated. Self-Actualization: Offer challenging and meaningful work assignments which enable innovation, creativity, and progress according to long-term goals.


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Remember, everyone is not motivated by same needs. At various points in their lives and careers, every individual will be motivated by completely different needs. It is imperative that you recognize each individual's needs currently being pursued. In order to motivate the individual, leadership must understand the current level of needs at which the individual finds themselves, and control needs for motivation.

Applying Maslow's Needs Hierarchy………………….


}  People have reasons for everything they do. }  Whatever people choose as a goal is something

they believe is good for them. }  The goal people choose must be seen as

attainable. }  The conditions under which the work is done can

affect its value to the employee and his or her perceptions of attainability or success.



1.  CURIOSITY 2.  ACCEPTANCE 3.  ORDER 4.  PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 5.  HONOR 6.  POWER 7.  INDEPENDENCE 8.  SOCIAL CONTACT

9.  FAMILY 10.  STATUS 11.  IDEALISM 12.  VENGEANCE 13.  ROMANCE 14.  EATING 15.  SAVING 16.  TRANQUILITY


Student

Walking sees many thing But is attracted

By building being Demolished ??

Notices a Restaurant ?

Flirts with waitress?

Studying Gets tired

Thinks about Parents? Success?

Aggression Hunger Sex

Affection Achievement

1 You CAN do it. Low motivation doesn’t mean you CAN’T do

something, it just means you prefer not to.


You are what you think. You are what you go for. You are what you do! - Bob Richards

Having low motivation means you may not enjoy the task, and it will take you longer and use more energy than someone with high motivation.

Don’t compare your productivity to someone who thrives on the very task you detest.


Striving for excellence motivates you; striving for perfection is demoralizing. - Harriet Braiker

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v  Is it imperative that you be excellent in this particular area?

v  If you have low motivation, you can probably be adequate with enough training and practice, but being "Excellent" may be beyond reach.


q  Can this task be given to someone else?

q  Perhaps there is someone with high motivation who would enjoy this work.


This the Rogers and Hammerstein approach. An example would be the successful sales

person who relies on her assistant to do all the paperwork.


People prefer to follow those who help them, not those who intimidate them. - C. Gene Wilkes

I know of a professional with high talent for creativity, but low talent for details and capturing all his good ideas.

He finally decided to carry a pocket tape recorder in a leather case on his belt.

This allows him to make verbal notes to himself on the fly.


If what you're working for really matters, you'll give it all you've got. - Nido Qubein


The most important thing about motivation is goal setting. You should always have a goal. - Francie Larrieu Smith


ADD REMOVE

Appetitive (pleasant) Stimulus

Positive (+) Reinforcement The behavior preceding the

consequence is strengthened; it is more likely to occur again.

Punishment (Referred to as negative

punishment or response cost)

The behavior preceding the consequence is weakened; it is less likely to occur again.

Aversive (unpleasant) Stimulus

Punishment (referred to as Positive punishment)

The behavior preceding the consequence is weakened; it is less likely to occur again.

Negative (-) Reinforcement The behavior preceding the

consequence is strengthened; it is more likely to occur again.

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Temper tantrum=

unwanted behavior

-ve reinforcement

Make lists of things child likes

Withhold that thing for the behavior

Unwanted behaviour will not occur again


+ve reinforcement

Give things child likes

Wanted behaviour will occur again

Wanted behaviour

If people are coming to work excited . . . if they're making mistakes freely and fearlessly . . . if they're having fun . . . if they're concentrating doing things, rather than preparing reports and going to meetings - then somewhere you have leaders.

- Robert Townsend


1.   Meaning and definition of motivation 2.   Maslow’s concept of motivation, including

hiearchy of needs 3.   Role of motivation in learning and health

education 4.   Motivation and adoption of innovation


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