11

Multifamily Energy Efficiency Web Training

80 Slides

Multifamily Energy Efficiency Web Training

80 Slides

22Intent of Web TrainingIntent of Web Training

• Provide an overview of energy efficient and cost-effective design strategies for multifamily new construction buildings– Benefits of energy efficiency in multifamily new

construction buildings– Building energy code applicable to low-rise and high-

rise buildings– Energy efficiency design concepts– Information on financial incentives, and – List of resources for energy efficiency

It should take approximately one hour to review the contents of this training. This is not a

comprehensive training, but will provide you with links to additional resources where you can learn

more about multifamily energy efficiency.

33Overview of ContentOverview of Content

• Introduction: The Value of Energy Efficiency in Multifamily Buildings

• Unique Aspects of Multifamily Building Construction

• Design Concepts and Practices for Energy Efficiency in Multifamily Buildings

• Energy Efficiency Measure Selection– Envelope– Heating– Cooling– Water Heating– Lighting– Appliances

44Overview of ContentOverview of Content

• How to Achieve at Least 15% Better than Code Using an Integrated Approach

• How to do Cost-Benefit and Payback Analyses

• Case Study

• Non-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency

• Financing for Energy Efficiency and Green Measures

• Summary

• Resources

55

IntroductionIntroductionValue of Energy Efficiency in Multifamily

Buildings

66

Energy efficiency savesmoney, energy, and resources…

making homes moreaffordable, comfortable, and attractive to residents.

It increases:– Comfort– Energy Savings – Property Value– Maintenance Savings– Tenant Payment Security

…to list a few

A minimally compliant Title 24 building is the worst building you can legally build in California!

Why Energy Efficiency?Why Energy Efficiency?

77

Multifamily Construction as % of Total Residential Construction

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Est.2008

Residential Units Permitted

Single Family Multifamily

CA Residential New ConstructionCA Residential New ConstructionMultifamily is making its way back into new construction

• 45% of new California homes permitted between January and September 2008 were multifamily*

* U.S. Census Bureau

• Overall home-building is down, but the proportion of multifamily to single family units permitted in California is growing*

Multifamily Construction as % of Total Residential Construction

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Residential Permits 2008

54.76%

45.24%

Multifamily Single Family

88Multifamily Trends and ProjectionsMultifamily Trends and Projections

The California Department of Finance projects there will be over 44 million people in 2020 (almost 5 million more than California’s current population)

More people equates to more demand for housing

99

• MF buildings come in high-rise and low-rise varieties

– Building design, equipment selection, construction practices, and code regulations vary by building type

• MF buildings often include nonresidential areas– Common spaces: Corridors, entry ways, laundry

facilities, leasing offices, recreational rooms, etc.• Energy measures must be analyzed separately if more

then 20% of the total floor area is common space (i.e. one energy model for the residential area, another for the non-residential are)

– Mixed Use Projects• Also follow the above 20% rule if more than 20%

nonresidential floor area.– Live Work Projects

• Typically heated and/or cooled like a residence and using domestic water heating systems, so abide to residential standards

• Lighting in designated workspaces, however, must comply with the nonresidential prescriptive lighting requirements.

Unique Aspects of MF BuildingsUnique Aspects of MF Buildings

• MF High Rise – 4+ stories– Residential DHW and lighting code requirements– Non residential HVAC and envelope measures

• MF Low Rise - 3 or fewer stories– All residential code requirements

1010

• Split Incentives– Developers have less financial incentive to invest in

energy efficiency when they don’t benefit from utility bill savings

– Energy efficiency measures typically benefit the tenants– Depending on whether the energy using systems are

centralized or individually metered…the cost of the energy use is borne by the space occupants or the building owner/management.

• Energy use schedules vary– It’s difficult to predict when many tenants will be

occupying the building.– Domestic Hot Water (DHW): The energy used to heat

water is typically a higher percentage of the overall energy due to increased occupant density and reduced building envelope areas.

Unique Aspects of MF BuildingsUnique Aspects of MF Buildings

1111Cost Benefits of Energy EfficiencyCost Benefits of Energy Efficiency

You’re probably asking yourself:

Does energy efficiency really add value to a building?

As energy costs continue to sharply rise,

where will people want to live?

Owners: can you afford not to build an energy efficient building?

Designers: can you afford not to design energy efficient buildings?

1212

First cost is important to consider,but the life-cycle cost is an even more valuable

metric …

1313Cost Benefits of Energy EfficiencyCost Benefits of Energy Efficiency

So … what are the costs of energy efficiency?• Incremental first costs• Risk (design or installation errors)• Delays (procurement or design)• Maintenance (knowledge)• Financing

1414

What’s out there to help offset those costs?–City & Local Support–State and Federal Tax Credits Increased Basis Threshold–Residential Utility Incentive Programs

• New Construction–Policy programs

• Energy Efficiency-Based Utility Allowance (EEBUA) schedules

–Green Building Programs• LEED New Homes• BIG Green Points• Enterprise Green Communities• NAHB Green Builder

–Smart Design• Lead to potential lower number of call backs• Lower construction costs

Offsetting Additional CostsOffsetting Additional Costs

1515

Design Concepts and

Practices for Energy

Efficiency in Multifamily

Buildings

Design Concepts and

Practices for Energy

Efficiency in Multifamily

Buildings

1616

Early team collaboration results in the most cost-effective solutions:

• Involve an energy consultant as early as possible in the design process

• Optimize building orientation, window areas and any other potential design restrictions BEFORE they are locked in by the entitlement process

• Title 24 can be started in schematic drawing phase

Design TeamDesign Team

E Consultant

Engineers Architect Owner/Dev Financing Builder

Goals/ObjectivesGoals/Objectives

Parameters/Options

Parameters/Options

AnalysisAnalysis

Final DecisionsFinal Decisions

Minimize Cost

Minimize Cost

Maximize Efficienc

y

Maximize Efficienc

y

Design & ProgramDesign & Program

Financing OptionsFinancing Options

Energy Efficiency Design OptionsEnergy Efficiency Design OptionsMarketin

g Strategie

s

Marketing

Strategies

Building Strategie

s

Building Strategie

s

Cost AnalysisCost AnalysisAlternativesAlternativesEnergy Simulatio

n

Energy Simulatio

n

Non-energy benefits

Non-energy benefits

Inform all contracto

rs

Inform all contracto

rs

Construction Documents

Construction Documents

Secure FundsSecure FundsObtain PermitsObtain Permits

1717

• Mandatory Measures– Lighting efficiency– Shell insulation minimums– Equipment efficiency minimums– Appliance standards

• Prescriptive Packages offer a checklist of compliance measures– Establishes Performance baseline – Climate Zone dependant

• Performance Calculation allows trade-offs to meet the standard energy budget (baseline)– Envelope:

• Orientation, Insulation, Windows, Assemblies– HVAC:

• Heating and Cooling equipment and distribution– DHW:

• Central and individual water heating equipment & distribution

Title 24 BasicsTitle 24 Basics

1818

• 2005 code was 24.3% more stringent than 2001 for electricity use and 15.7% for gas usage for new multifamily buildings*

• 2008 code is 19.7% more stringent than 2005 for

electricity use and 7% for gas usage for new

multifamily buildings*– Lower prescriptive U-factors for windows

– Additional HERS measures

– Required ventilation in residential code

– Minimum prescriptive reflectivity of roof materials in specific

CZ

– Opaque building elements have different default assumptions

in non-res calculation methods

– Improved controls required for outdoor lighting

Title 24 BasicsTitle 24 Basics

* California Energy Commission’s Energy Impact Analysis for 2005 and 2008 Title 24, respectively.

* California Energy Commission’s Energy Impact Analysis for 2005 and 2008 Title 24, respectively.

1919

• TDV affects energy trade-offs in the performance approach by changing the way energy is ‘valued’ based on the time of use of that energy– Before 2005, T24 energy use estimates had a constant value

regardless of the time of use– TDV assigns higher value for on-peak savings, lower value for

off-peak savings

With flat energy value a kWh saved is valued the same for every hour of the day

With TDV value a kWh saved during a high-cost peak hour is valued more highly

than a kWh saved during an off-peak hour

Flat Energy Value used in prior standards

Time of Day

Ene

rgy

valu

eTime Dependent Valuation (TDV)Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)

Time Dependent Energy Value in 2008 Standards are ‘Peakier’ than the 2005 Standards

TDV Values - 2008 Standards

TDV Values - 2005 Standards

2020

• TDV favors technologies that save more energy on-peak than off-peak (and dings harder for wasteful peak usage)– Greater credit for:

• Higher EER air conditioners• Lower SHGC glazing• Better duct insulation (in unconditioned spaces)• Daylighting controls for lighting

– Greater penalties for:• West-facing glass• Oversized, unshaded windows/skylights

– Generally neutral for:• Economizers • Envelope insulation• High efficiency water heating

• This affects trade-off choices using the performance approach (computer simulation)

Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)Time Dependent Valuation (TDV)

2121Third PartyVerificationThird PartyVerification

Building department focus is Health and Life Safety, not energy efficiency

Energy savings are not realized unless measures are installed properly

• HERS rater verifies measures for T-24 compliance– Provide quality assurance, making certain that products

are installed properly for maximum safety and efficiency

– Three C-HERS providers: CHEERS, CalCERTS, CBPCA

• Commissioning– Does not give credit in T-24 performance or

prescriptive, but a worthwhile option for you to consider– Assures that equipment is working as designed

2222Third Party VerificationThird Party Verification

• The following measures require HERS verification if claimed for minimal Title 24 code compliance (or ENERGY STAR compliance):– New in 2008 code

• Low Leakage Air Handlers• Refrigerant Charge Indicator

Light Display• Verified Cooling Coil Airflow• Evaporatively Cooled Condensers• Ice Storage Air Conditioners• QII for Spray Polyurethane Foam• PV Field Verification Protocol

– Continued from past years• Reduced Duct Leakage (6%)• Supply Duct Location• Deeply Buried Ducts• Duct Surface Area and R-value• Air Handler Fan Watt Draw• Refrigerant Charge • High EER for A/C• Maximum Cooling Capacity• Building Envelope Sealing• Quality Insulation Installation (QII)

2323

Energy Efficiency Measure SelectionEnergy Efficiency

Measure Selection

• Apply your understanding of individual measures to an integrated design approach

• The goal is to have a good ‘package’ of measures that are cost-effective in the long run and minimize first costs as much as possible– Site Considerations– Building Envelope Options– HVAC Equipment– Water Heating System– Lighting– Appliances– Operations & Maintenance • Leave a guide on how to

maintain and operate a high performance building

• Leave a guide on how to maintain and operate a high performance building

• ENERGY STAR® dishwashers, refrigerators, clothes washers and natural gas clothes dryers

• ENERGY STAR® dishwashers, refrigerators, clothes washers and natural gas clothes dryers

•Insulation•Radiant barrier•Cool roof•Attic venting•Windows and glazing•Shading of building and windows (vegetation, overhangs, etc)•Infiltration/leakage•Quality insulation

•Insulation•Radiant barrier•Cool roof•Attic venting•Windows and glazing•Shading of building and windows (vegetation, overhangs, etc)•Infiltration/leakage•Quality insulation

•Central or individual•Storage or tankless•Distribution controls•Location•Pipe and tank insulation

•Central or individual•Storage or tankless•Distribution controls•Location•Pipe and tank insulation

•Hardwired high efficacy lighting fixtures (CFLs, LEDs, etc)•Lighting controls (dimmers, occupancy sensors, photometric sensors)

•Hardwired high efficacy lighting fixtures (CFLs, LEDs, etc)•Lighting controls (dimmers, occupancy sensors, photometric sensors)

2424

•Space heating and cooling•Correct sizing and distribution

•Space heating and cooling•Correct sizing and distribution

•Climate•Solar Access•Orientation

•Climate•Solar Access•Orientation

Energy Efficiency MeasuresEnergy Efficiency Measures

These are used in Title 24 performance

compliance calculations

These are used in Title 24 performance

compliance calculations

2525

Coastal Climate Zones: 1-7

Inland Climate Zones: 8-16

California’s Climate ZonesCalifornia’s Climate Zones

• There are 16 in California

• The best package of measures will vary by building design and climate zone

• Each building is unique, so there is no single “silver bullet” solution for every buildings

• There are 16 in California

• The best package of measures will vary by building design and climate zone

• Each building is unique, so there is no single “silver bullet” solution for every buildings

2626

• With careful design, the building envelope can control loads that affect residential building heating and cooling energy use– Keep out summer heat– Allow heat penetration from the sun in the winter

• Buildings interact with site influences such as sun and wind through– Shape and shade

– Building Orientation– Inter-building shading to minimize afternoon solar heat gain– Plant deciduous trees on the south side

– Material properties– Solar transmittance of windows– Air infiltration properties of building envelope– Reflectivity and emissivity of outer surfaces

Envelope: Site ConsiderationsEnvelope: Site Considerations

– Short faces of building East-West reduce heat gain when the sun is at low angles in mornings and afternoons

– Long faces of building facing North-South allow heat gain when the winter sun is lower in the sky

– Shade with summer leaves and allow sun penetration when bare in winter

2727Envelope: Windows and VentilationEnvelope: Windows and Ventilation

• Ventilation– Cross Ventilation

• Inlet without outlet - Breeze will not really enter space

• Inlet and outlet - Cross ventilation occurs. Stack effect improves flow

– Stack Effect: Window or roof opening for the outlet in a higher position than the opening for the inlet

• Warm air rises and exhausts• Resulting low pressure draws air in through lower

openings

• Windows– Use appropriate shading devices– Minimize SHGC and U-factors

• Select based on NFRC* performance values• Dual glazing – also provides acoustic insulation

– Better windows can result in reduction of heating and cooling equipment size – saving first costs

* NFRC = National Fenestration Ratings Council* SHGC = Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

2828

What do window ratings mean?• SHGC: Fraction of solar radiation thru window

(Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) – If SHGC=0.53, 53% of solar heat gain

transmitted– Look for SHGC of 0.35, or less

• VLT: Amount of visible light transmitted– If VLT=0.75, 75% of visible light transmitted– Look for VLT of 0.50 or more

• U-factor: Rate of heat loss:– Low-emittance (Low-E) coatings are deposited

on a window to suppress radiative heat flow (reduce U-factor)

– Look for U-factor of 0.40 or less• Air Leakage: Rate of Infiltration

Envelope: Windows and VentilationEnvelope: Windows and Ventilation

2929

• Insulation resists the flow of heat– Measured by R-value (R = Resistance)

• Types: – Fibrous Insulation: Blankets, Batts, Loose-fill– Spray Foam– Rigid Foam Panels– Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF)– Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS)

• Better insulation can help reduce HVAC equipment size by reducing heating and cooling loads

Envelope: Insulation BasicsEnvelope: Insulation Basics

Source: www.southface.orgSource: www.southface.org

Source: www.penta.caSource: www.penta.caSource: www.mybungalow.comSource: www.mybungalow.com Source: www.wdcicf.comSource: www.wdcicf.comSource: www.california-siphomes.comSource: www.california-siphomes.com

Source: www.buildingscience.comSource: www.buildingscience.com

3030Envelope: Insulation BasicsEnvelope: Insulation Basics

• Insulation is cost effective when installed correctly:– In continuous contact with air barrier– No gaps– No compressions– No voids

• Standard Practice: Poor installation– Gaps and voids– Not in contact with air barrier (drywall)– Compression

3131Envelope: Insulation BasicsEnvelope: Insulation Basics

Due to poor installation practices:• Insulation R-value is devalued by 13% when

using the performance approach for T-24 compliance, unless…– A quality insulation installation (QII) inspection is

conducted by a HERS rater and passes the following points:

• Fully lofted and filled framing cavities (no compression)• Full contact with air barrier• Rim joists insulated• Batts butt-fit or split around wiring and plumbing• Wall cavities caulked or foamed for air-tight seal• Pre-insulation of hard-to-access wall stud cavities• Knee walls and skylight shafts insulated to min. R-19• Insulation over all recessed lighting fixtures

3232Envelope: Insulation BasicsEnvelope: Insulation Basics

Due to poor installation practices:• Insulation R-value is devalued by 13% when

using the performance approach for T-24 compliance, unless…

• The Thermal Bypass Checklist and QII are requirements for the ENERGY STAR for Homes label– The checklist requires inspection of the following to

ensure the building envelope is thermally efficient:• Overall air barrier and thermal barrier alignment• Walls Adjoining Exterior Walls or Unconditioned Spaces• Floors between Conditioned and Exterior Spaces• Shafts• Attic/Ceiling Interface• Common Walls Between Dwelling Units

3333Envelope: Radiant BarrierEnvelope: Radiant Barrier

• Benefits– Can reduce attic heat by up to 30% and

block up to 97% of radiant heat gain – Reduced heat gain in duct work– Does not carry heating penalty of cool roofs – No additional labor costs (new construction)

• Types– Single-sided foil stapled to roof joists

(retrofit)– Foil-faced roof sheathing (new construction)

• Installation– Must be adjacent to air gap– Must face down (to avoid dust accumulation)

Radiant barrier is most effective in cooling-dominated zones because it reflects heat from the sun, preventing it from penetrating the attic space

3434Heating and CoolingHeating and CoolingSystem Type Split DX Packaged

TerminalAir Conditioning/

Heat Pump

HydronicFan Coil/

Heat Pump

Furnace

CoolingEfficiency Metric

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)/

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

SEER/EER N/A

HeatingEfficiency Metric

Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF)/

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

HSPF/COP Energy Factor (EF)

Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency

(AFUE)

Advantages • Occupies little interior space• Can cool multiple

rooms/large areas

• No ductwork• Efficient in

individual rooms

• Can combine with DHW system

• Ducted or ductless

Disadvantages • Need adjacent or roof space • Occupies wall space

• Seen on bldg exterior

• Additional plumbing required

• Not packaged with A/C

Federal Appliance Standards

– SEER 13 Federal Standards in effect since Jan 23, 2006 (National Appliance Efficiency Conservation Act)

• Title 24 does not govern equipment efficiency of federally mandated equipment

3535HVAC Equipment SizingHVAC Equipment Sizing

Properly sized equipment can reduce energy usage by as much as 35%

• Energy loss due to improper sizing can be greater than savings from higher efficiency equipment

• Tools for proper sizing– The Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA):

www.acca.org• Guidelines for sizing HVAC equipment & ACCA Manual J

Residential Load Calculation – The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE ): www.ashrae.org• Handbooks

– Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association (SMACNA): www.smacna.org

• Residential Comfort Manual

3636Tools for HVAC SelectionTools for HVAC Selection

• Directory of ARI (Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute) Verified HVAC Equipmentwww.ceehvacdirectory.org

• California Energy Commission Certified Equipment Directorywww.energy.ca.gov/appliances/appliance

• ENERGY STAR® Savings Calculator

www.energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsavings_calc/Calc_CAC.xls

3737SEER vs. EERSEER vs. EER

• Minimum air conditioner efficiency is based on SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) because of Federal Standards

• SEER is the only performance indicator allowed on manufacturer labels

• SEER test conducted at 82º F: Southeast US; warm, humid climates

• EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the full load efficiency at specific operating conditions

• EER test conducted at 95º F: California conditions; hot, dry climate

• Helps reduce peak loads

• Credit granted for higher EER in 2008 Title 24– Manufacturers not required to report EER– Requires HERS inspection to obtain Title 24 credit

3838

• High Efficiency Air Conditioner• Air Handler Watt Draw• Minimum Cooling Capacity• Duct Sealing and Testing • Low Leakage Air Handlers• Refrigerant Charge Measurement or

Refrigerant Charge Indicator Light Display• Duct Location (within conditioned space)• Blower Door Test (Envelope infiltration)• Verified Cooling Coil Airflow• Evaporatively Cooled Condensers• Ice Storage Air Conditioners

– Reduce duct leakage to 6%

– Higher SEER – Higher EER

– No more than 12 lineal feet of supply duct is outside the conditioned space

– 12’ includes the air handler and plenum length

– “Right sized” cooling system criteria– High efficiency fan & duct system with low

wattage fan

HVAC: HERS Compliance MeasuresHVAC: HERS Compliance Measures

Source: National Renewable Energy

Laboratory

3939

Reduce distribution losses by:• Placing ducts within conditioned

space• Conduct tight duct test• Increase duct insulation• Correctly size ducts• Run duct as straight as possible

DuctsDucts

R-4.2, 6 or 8 duct insulation prescriptively required depending on climate zone

An exception is allowed if more efficient windows and/or HVAC systems are provided (except CZ 15)

– Unsealed duct systems can leak 20-40% of their conditioned air

– Tight ducts are <6%

4040Water Heating TypesWater Heating Types

Water heating energy represents a significant portion of the overall energy budget in multifamily buildings

• Water Heating System Considerations:– Storage or Tankless/Instantaneous– Gas or Electric– Central or Individual– Indirect or Direct– Integrated with space heating system?

4141

Important Elements of Energy Efficient Central Water Heating Systems

• High efficiency hot water source• Recirculation loop designed for efficiency• Recirculation loop controls• Well insulated hot water piping and storage tank• Efficient fixtures and appliances that reduce hot water

consumption

– Large boilers with indirect storage tanks last longer than smaller water heaters and can often be repaired rather than replaced.

– The federal minimum standard for large gas boilers is 80% thermal efficiency

• Simple atmospheric boilers can reach a maximum of about 82% thermal efficiency

• Condensing boilers can attain thermal efficiencies up to 98% by capturing the sensible and latent heat from the flue gases.

– Central hot water systems designed with continuous recirculation systems are simple and keep tenant complaints to a minimum, but are extremely inefficient.

• Significant energy savings can be achieved with a well designed “structured plumbing” recirculation loop and advanced boiler modulation and/or demand controls

Water Heating: Central SystemsWater Heating: Central Systems

– Timer Controls shut off the recirculation pump at time when the hot water draw is expected to be minimal

– Temperature Controls shut off the recirculation pump when the return water reaches a temperature threshold

– Demand Controls are more advanced than the basic timer and temperature controls, charging the loop with hot water in response to demand

– Temperature Modulation Controls save energy by reducing the temperature of the tank water in times of low demand

4242

Trade-Offs of Central DHW systems• Hot Water Sub-Metering

– Conservation vs. Efficiency• Tenants have incentive to conserve water and energy when

they pay the utility bill– Utility Submeter Applications manufactures only CA

approved hot water sub-meter• Boiler Performance & Maintenance

– Condensing or not, boilers require annual tune-ups– Specialty service and corrosion resistant parts cause

higher maintenance costs– Efficiency varies with operating condition temperatures

Water Heating: Central SystemsWater Heating: Central Systems

4343Water Heating: Solar Hot WaterWater Heating: Solar Hot Water

• Title 24 does give credit for solar hot water heating (solar PV does not)

• Solar hot water is one of the easiest methods of achieving high levels of energy efficiency

• Alternative to high-efficiency boilers

• Particularly complimentary to central systems

• T-24 consultant uses a savings fraction calculator, and solar designer determines size of the actual system– Solar fraction = the percentage

of total hot water heating that the solar system will deliver

Image Sources: www.findouthow.co.ukwww.solaroptions.biz

Image Sources: www.findouthow.co.ukwww.solaroptions.biz

4444

Lighting Terminology• Lamp = Light Bulb

• Lumen = A unit of Visible Light

• Luminaire = Light Fixture

• Efficacy = Efficiency of Lighting Product (Lumens/watt)

LightingLighting

4545

• Tri-Phosphor Fluorescent– Same technology as color television– There is only one “full spectrum” lamp

• Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFL)– Can be used throughout the home

– Availability and selection increasing• LED (Light Emitting Diode)

– Approx 20 lumens per watt– Can be installed:

• Under counters• Hallways, staircases

– Still limited by production• Lighting Controls

– Dimmers– Occupancy– Photosensors– Timers– Motion Sensors

LightingLighting

4646

All Title 24 lighting requirements are mandatory

• Not part of prescriptive package

• Not part of residential energy performance calculation budget

• Primarily impacts dwelling units• The Standards apply only to permanently

installed luminaires

LightingLighting

4747

T-24 Residential Lighting Standards• Kitchens

– 50% of total wattage must be high efficicacy– Low efficicacy luminaires must be switched separately

• Bathrooms, garages, laundry rooms, closets, and utility rooms– High efficacy OR Controlled by a manual-on occupant sensor

• All other residential spaces– High efficacy OR Controlled by a dimmer switch or manual-on

occupancy sensor

LightingLighting

TABLE 150-C High Efficacy Luminaire Requirements

Lamp Power Rating Minimum Lamp Efficacy

5 watts or less 30 lumens per watt

over 5 and to 15 watts 40 lumens per watt

over 15 watts to 40 watts 50 lumens per watt

over 40 watts 60 lumens per watt

4848AppliancesAppliancesLook for the ENERGY STAR® label on all appliances• Refrigerators

– Choose refrigerators 20+% more efficient than federal standards

– Top freezer models are more efficient than side-by-side models– Refrigerators under 25 cubic feet are sufficient

• Dishwashers– Look for models that save water AND energy– Energy Factor (EF) of at least 0.65 – “no heat dry” option can save additional energy

• Clothes Washers– High Modified Energy Factor (MEF) - dryer and water heating

energy– Low Water Factor (WF) - gallons needed per cubic foot of

laundry– Front loading washers are generally more efficient than top

loading• Clothes Dryers

– Dryness sensor for automatic shut-off when clothes are dryDiscount for bulk purchases at www.quantityquotes.net

4949

How to Achieve at Least 15% Better than Code using

Integrated Approach

How to Achieve at Least 15% Better than Code using

Integrated Approach

5050Achieving 15% Better Than T-24Achieving 15% Better Than T-24What measures are needed in 2008 standards to

get a ~15% compliance margin?• Measures vary by building type

– High rise versus low rise– Central versus distributed systems– Amount of building self shading– Building geometry

• Measures vary by climate zone– Focus on measures affecting largest energy use– Peak demand related measures first

• The “average” answer has little use. There is no “magic bullet” solution for all buildings and climate zones

5151Achieving 15% Better Than T-24Achieving 15% Better Than T-24• Building simulation software can evaluate the

effectiveness of multiple measures and compare those results with alternate combinations– Adding insulation will reduce cooling and heating loads– Combining a radiant barrier with a lower level of

insulation may reduce cooling loads more affectively than maximizing insulation alone

• The goal of the integrated design process is to seek the most cost-effective combination of energy efficient measures– Balance first costs and energy savings

5252Achieving 15% Better Than T-24Achieving 15% Better Than T-24• The same measure or combination of measures

can result in widely divergent energy savings for different buildings

Effects of Measure Combinations on Energy Savings

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Bldg A Bldg B Bldg C Bldg D

% lo

wer

ene

rgy

use

than

cod

e al

low

able

Option 1 = High Eff WindowsOption 2 = High Eff Windows + Tight DuctsOption 3 = Tight Ducts OnlyOption 4 = DHW Temperature Controls

5353Achieving 15% Better Than T-24Achieving 15% Better Than T-24• The same measure or combination of measures

can result in widely divergent energy savings for different buildings

• Some measure will have more impact inland than coastal– Window SHGC– Cooling EER

• Some measures will have more impact in coastal climate zones– DHW System Efficiency

5454

How to do Cost-Benefit & Payback

Analysis

How to do Cost-Benefit & Payback

Analysis

5555

Identify cost-effective energy efficiency measures

Specify EE measures in building energy simulation software

Use simulation software output for kWH and Therm savings

Find utility rates and multiply by kWh and Therm savings

Divide estimated annual utility savings by incremental measure costs to get the number of year payback

Find incremental cost estimate for each measure (DEER database)*

If the cost-benefit numbers aren’t satisfactory, change the mix of measures and begin again

Cost Benefit Analysis ProcessCost Benefit Analysis Process

* http://www.energy.ca.gov/deer/ * http://www.energy.ca.gov/deer/

5656Example: Upgrade DetailExample: Upgrade DetailPaybackPeriod

Savings

per year

CostImplicatio

n

Energy EfficiencyUpgrade

OriginalSpecification

immediate

$2,160$0.00Central Boiler,recirc. loop w/demand

pump control

Central Boiler,recirc. Loop

w/aquastat control

WaterHeating

IncludedRoom heat pump(downsized)(11.26 EER)

Room heatpump

(10 EER)

SpaceCooling

($1,163)Room heat pump(downsized)(2.841 COP)

Room heatpump

(6.6 HSPF)

SpaceHeating

$3,900Low-e2,Vinyl frame

Dual pane,Alum. frame

Fenestration

N/AWood frame,2x4, R-13

Wood frame,2x4, R-13

Wall

1.6 years

(after $6,000 utility

incentive)

$151/Unit

Or

$6,070

$7,000R-30 + RadiantBarrier

R-38CeilingAttic

Note: Costs are illustrative and not definitive. Example is also illustrative; combination of measures will vary by building and location.

Note: Costs are illustrative and not definitive. Example is also illustrative; combination of measures will vary by building and location.

5757

Case StudyCase Study

5858Case Study – Project DetailsCase Study – Project Details• Project name:

Cottonwood Creek Apartments

• Owner:BRIDGE Housing Corporation

• Architect:KTGY Group

• Location:Suisun City, California

• California Climate Zone: 12

• Dwelling Units: 94

• Percent better than 2005 California Residential Building Code: 17.6%

Cottonwood Creek Apartments received design assistance, cash incentives, and training opportunities through their participation in the CMFNH program, funded by Pacific Gas & Electric.

5959

Overall site layout increased energy efficiency by:• Maximizing daylighting• Strategic landscaping to minimize solar gain in

the summers and encourage it in the winter

Case Study – EE Measures InstalledCase Study – EE Measures Installed

6060

Materials and mechanical systems materials contributing to energy efficiency included:

• Radiant barrier roof sheathing• Low E² thermally efficient windows • Third-party HERS-rated HVAC equipment to

ensure maximum performance of the system• Raised heel trusses for increased insulation • A high-performing building envelope complete

with Quality Insulation Installation • Ducts in conditioned spaces, tested and verified

for leakage

Case Study – EE Measures InstalledCase Study – EE Measures Installed

6161

In addition BRIDGE also incorporated high efficiency ENERGY STAR® appliances and lighting:

• Refrigerators, dishwashers, and front-loading washers and dryers

• Fluorescent lighting, light-emitting diode (LED) exit signs, and motion sensor lights in the community building.

Case Study – EE Measures InstalledCase Study – EE Measures Installed

6262

As a result of the advanced planning and clear goals BRIDGE exceeded Title 24 by over 17% without significant impact on the cost of the project.

• Estimated $85,000 spent on incremental energy efficiency upgrades ($0.71 per square foot).

• CMFNH incentives received = $38,540, reducing net cost of EE measures to $0.39 per square foot

• Total hard costs for the project ≈ $143/sqft

Case Study - Cost Benefit AnalysisCase Study - Cost Benefit Analysis

6363

Cost of energy efficiency upgrades only ≈ 0.27% of hard costs!

Case Study - Cost Benefit AnalysisCase Study - Cost Benefit Analysis

Total Hard Cost$17,105,000.00 (≈$143/sqft)

Incremental Energy Efficiency Cost (including CMFNHincentives)$46,151.00 (≈$0.39/sqft)

6464

Cottonwood Creek Apartments is expected to save…

27,426.83 kWh every year through good design+ 12,445.60 kWh savings from appliances

This one project will be saving enough energy every year to power roughly six California single-family homes.

Case Study - Cost Benefit AnalysisCase Study - Cost Benefit Analysis

6565Case Study – PaybackCase Study – Payback

Cost of EE upgrade $85,000Utility incentives - $38,540Net Cost of EE Measures $48,455

Annual energy savings (kWh) 39,872.43Utility Cost (per kWh) x $ 0.14Annual utility cost savings $5,582.14

Payback Period = 48,455/5,582 = 8.7 years

6666

Non-Energy Benefits of Energy EfficiencyNon-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency

6767Non-Energy Benefits of Energy EfficiencyNon-Energy Benefits of Energy Efficiency

Beyond energy savings, energy efficiency benefits include:

• Marketability– Buyers and tenants value homes that are easy

and inexpensive to maintain– As well as socially and environmentally

responsible

• Comfort– Measures to reduce energy use also produce

more comfortable living conditions

• Public recognition– Awards are given by numerous associations for

achievement in energy efficiency. – Receipt of such awards may give your business

credibility and prestige

6868Beyond EE – Green MeasuresBeyond EE – Green Measures• Non toxic materials and finishes

– Low VOC Paints, carpet, cabinets• Better indoor air quality

• Local and replenishable materials– Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified

wood products– Recycled materials

• Water conservation– Landscaping

• Irrigation• Indigenous plant species

– Plumbing & Appliances• Dual flush toilets• Low flow shower and sink fixtures

6969Beyond EE – Green MeasuresBeyond EE – Green Measures• Storm water control

– Green roofs• Water capture• Insulating and cool roof properties

– Permeable surfaces• Prevent water run-off and stormwater pollution

– Greywater systems• Onsite water recycling

• Location– Proximity of transportation and amenities– Low environmental impact

7070

Financing for Energy Efficiency and Green

Measures

Financing for Energy Efficiency and Green

Measures

7171Financing Energy Efficiency Financing Energy Efficiency

Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTCs) are awarded to new construction and rehabilitation projects on a competitive points basis

• 155 points required to be competitive in the 4% and 9% categories

• Maximum of eight points available for incorporating sustainable measures, including energy efficiency– Of those 8 points, 6 are available for energy

efficiency• Exceed Title 24 by at least 10% - 4 points• Energy Star rated fans, whole house fan, economizer

cycle on HVAC system – 2 points

7272Financing Energy Efficiency Financing Energy Efficiency

• Additional discretionary threshold basis limits boost up to 5% of the project’s basis limit.– Exceed Title 24 by 15% or more– Distributive energy technologies– Renewable energy sources– Tankless water heaters– High efficiency condensing boiler– Solar thermal domestic hot water system

7373Financing Energy EfficiencyFinancing Energy EfficiencyFederal Tax Credits for New Homes are available

for site built homes, excluding rental properties and non-profits.

• $2,000 to builder for each home whose performance is calculated to exceed Heating and Cooling Use of Section 404 of 2004 Supplement of the IECC by 50%)

The New Solar Homes Partnership offers rebates to reduce (buy-down) the initial cost of a photovoltaic system in new residential construction (single and multifamily).

• $2.50/watt for market-rate housing• $3.50/watt for affordable housing projects• Project must exceed Title 24 by at least 15%

7474

SummarySummary

7575Summary PointsSummary Points• Title 24 defines the worst building allowed

by law• Early team collaboration allows for

integrated and cost-effective decisions• Consider lifecycle cost, including non-energy

benefits• Local, statewide and federal financial

incentives are available to offset incremental costs of energy efficiency upgrades

• Use a performance approach to find the best package of cost-effective measures for each unique project

• Third Party verification allows for performance credits and quality assurance

E Consultant

Engineers Architect Owner/Dev

Financing Builder

7676

ResourcesResources

7777Resources Resources

Program Information• US EPA ENERGY STAR® Program

– www.energystar.gov/homes

• California Multifamily New Homes Program: PG&E– www.h-m-g.com/multifamily

• California Advanced Homes Program: SCE, SDG&E, SoCalGas– http://www.sce.com/b-rs/bb/cali-new-homes/ – http://www.sdge.com/builderservices/newHomes.shtml – http://www.socalgas.com/construction/ahp/

• California Multifamily Energy Efficiency Programs– www.californiaenergyefficiency.com

– www.fyppower.com

7878Resources Resources

General EE Resources• Energy Design Resources

– www.energydesignworkshops.com

• California Energy Commission– www.energy.ca.gov

• California Association of Building Energy Consultants (CABEC)– www.cabec.org

• California Multifamily Housing Consortium– www.seiinc.org/mfconsortium.html

• Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH)– www.pathnet.org

• US Green Building Council (USGBC)– www.usgbc.org

7979Resources Resources

Verification and HERS rating• California Home Energy Efficiency Rating System

– www.cheers.org

• CalCERTS– www.calcerts.com

• CBPCA– www.cbpca.org

• Resnet– www.natresnet.org/herseems/ratingmethod.htm

• Building Commissioning Association– www.bcxa.org

8080ResourcesResources

Finance• Energy-Efficient Mortgages

– www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/housing/energy_mort/energy-mortgage.htm

• Solar and Wind Financial Incentives & Tax Credits– www.californiasolarcenter.org/incentives.html

• Energy Efficiency-Based Utility Allowance– www.designedforcomfort.com

• California Housing Finance Agency (CalHFA)– www.calhfa.ca.gov/multifamily/financing/index.htm

• EnergyWi$e Construction Funding Directory– www.fundinggreenbuildings.com