1

Noise valuation: Results

Alistair Hunt and Alberto Longo

University of Bath

EC HEATCO project meeting

19 January 2006, Las Palmas

2

Descriptive Statistics - Survey size

Scenario UK sweden Norway Hungary Germany Spain

% obs % obs % obs % obs % obs % obs

Road traffic noise – Urban 20.21 212 70.63 368 19.77 202 20 200 19.83 204 23.15 200

Road traffic noise – Rural 29.84 313 23.61 123 19.37 198 20 200 19.83 204 23.15 200

Railway noise – Urban 20.88 219 19.47 199 20 200 19.53 201 26.62 230

Railway Noise – Rural 13.44 141 19.28 197 20 200 19.92 205 14.12 122

Random Sample – Urban 8.2 86 3.26 17 6.36 65 10 100 10.98 113 9.03 78

Random Sample – Rural 7.44 78 2.5 13 15.75 161 10 100 9.91 102 3.94 34

total 100 1049 100 521 100 1022 100 1000 100 1029 100.01 864

3

Descriptive Statistics – Characteristics of the Road samples

age male

mean median min max st dev % UK 46.28 44 18 93 15.81 32.51

sweden 42.94 39 18 91 15.36 49.71 Norway 48.02 48 18 99 14.33 51.83

Hungary 49.32 53 18 70 14.75 39.5 Germany 58.57 62 18 87 18.08 49.9

Spain 45.36 44 18 92 17.24 49.8

College or University Single Married/living with someone Divorced/separated Widowed

UK 34.45 19.19 64.24 10.47 6.1 sweden 56.73 36.92 52.5 8.08 2.5 Norway 30.43 15.76 71.06 6.43 6.75

Hungary 32.17 16.67 61.33 9.83 12.17 Germany 8.19 17.17 27.77 46.87 8.19

Spain 16.8 29.88 54.3 6.64 8.98

INCOME mean median obsuk 17668.68 14647 613sweden 23107.28 21440 500Norway 26763.86 24840 596Germany 14721 15000 623Spain 11858 7000 404

4

Descriptive stats - Road (1)Road annoyance levels

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Not at all Slightly Moderately Very Extremely

Pe

rce

nta

ge

UK

Sweden

Norway

Hungary

Germany

Spain

5

Descriptive stats - Road (1)

How much does the risk of road traffic accidents in your neighberhood bother, disturb or annoy you?

05

101520253035404550

Not at all Slightly Moderately Very Extremely

%

UK

Sweden

Norway

Hungary

Germany

Spain

6

Descriptive Statistics - Road (2)If noise from traffic bothers, disturbs or annoys you, could you say what the consequences are for you?

UK Sweden Norway Hungary Germany Spain

Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

Find it hard to sleep 28.35 29.72 38.33 36.12 41.27 8.42 Sleep with earplugs 1.38 3.1 1.32 4.08 11.90 3.26 Do not open windows as often as I would if there were no noise 61.61 40.31 47.81 60.82 61.51 57.88

Hard to concentrate and disturbing when reading or working 13.58 6.98 6.64 23.06 26.59 25.27 Disturbing when watching TV or listening to the radio/music 24.8 12.18 14.42 46.94 31.94 38.86

Disturbing when talking in the telephone 10.83 2.33 8.34 28.78 12.50 8.42

Get headaches/migraine 4.53 1.03 3.98 13.67 11.31 4.35

7

Distribution of WTP responses -road

ROAD noise WTP distribution-UK (Euro)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 4 9 29 44 73 95 146

190

293

366

732

1465

1904

8

Distribution of WTP responses -road

ROAD noise WTP distribution-Sweden (Euro)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 5

11

21

26

32

43

54

75

86

10

7

12

9

16

1

21

4

26

8

32

2

42

9

53

6

64

3

10

72

21

44

9

Distribution of WTP responses -road

ROAD noise WTP distrubution-Norway (Euro)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 6 12 37 62 99 124

186

248

373

497

745

994

1242

1863

2484

10

Distribution of WTP responses -road

ROAD noise WTP distribution-Hungary (Euro)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 16 24 40 60 80 100 201 402

11

Distribution of WTP responses -road

RAIL noise WTP distribution-Hungary (Euro)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2.01 4.02 16.1 24.1 40.2 60.2 80.3 100 161 201 402 602

12

Distribution of WTP responses -roadROAD noise WTP distribution - Germany

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 30 50 80 100

150

200

300

13

Distribution of WTP responses -road

ROAD noise WTP distribution - Spain

0102030405060708090

0 5 10 15 30 50 80 100

200

600

3000

14

Road “No” votesWhy did you vote no, or did not answer the wtp question?

  UK Sweden Norway Hungary Germany Spain

  Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent

I am not that bothered, disturbed or annoyed by the road traffic noise that I would pay 28.15 56.76 24.32 40.81 35.70 8.59

I cannot afford to pay 12.04 18.02 9.53 49.12 27.48 8.79

It is more important to reduce other nuisances from road traffic 3.04 19.82 3.02 18.14 3.93 1.37

The noise reducing measures cannot remove my annoyance from road traffic noise 2.32 6.79 1.74 6.55 3.18 0.59

If you live in a city there will be road traffic noise 2.90 25.22 3.33 17.13 8.04 1.95

I am going to move soon 2.46 4.95 2.28 4.79 6.73 1.17

I already pay enough charges and taxes 33.38 38.73 38.95 31.49 23.93 9.77

Government should pay 31.34 29.27 45.46 64.48 22.06 16.21

Those that cause the noise should pay for it 12.33 19.81 9.53 25.19 8.79 2.34

I do not want more roadwork in the street 1.74 3.60 1.43 4.28 2.99 1.17

The question about paying is too difficult to answer 2.17 2.70 1.90 2.02 1.31 0.20

Protesters in orange

15

Econometric model

qyprobabilitmixingWTPfWTP

qyprobabilitmixingyprobabilitwithWTP

1);(~

10*

Mean WTP is thus , where E(WTP) is mean WTP.

WTP* denotes WTP for the entire sample, while WTP denotes WTP for those persons in the sample who hold positive values for the program.

Positive data are analyzed as an interval data model assuming a Weibull distribution of the error terms

16

Road WTP Results (Euro) - UK

mean st error median st error obsFull data 27.86 1.90 15.28 0.64 675No prot 1 55.47 3.78 30.42 1.28 339No prot 2 44.35 3.03 24.32 1.02 412Urban 22.24 1.27 14.37 0.61 298Urban No prot 1 39.93 2.29 25.79 1.10 166Urban No prot 2 29.73 1.70 19.20 0.82 223Rural 31.08 3.46 16.10 1.05 391Rural No prot 1 70.25 7.83 36.38 2.38 173Rural No prot 2 56.53 6.30 29.28 1.92 215

17

Road WTP Results (Euro) - Sweden

mean st error median st error obsFull data 75.87 3.29 43.65 1.25 485No prot 1 98.13 4.26 56.46 1.62 375No prot 2 91.31 3.96 52.54 1.50 403Urban 62.42 2.55 37.91 1.09 368Urban No prot 1 76.31 3.11 46.34 1.33 301Urban No prot 2 68.77 2.81 41.77 1.20 334Rural 103.10 11.26 55.15 3.69 136Rural No prot 1 137.46 15.01 73.53 4.92 102Rural No prot 2 133.53 14.59 71.43 4.78 105

18

Road WTP Results (Euro) - Norway

mean st error median st error obsFull data 98.33 5.45 55.87 2.02 627No prot 1 217.10 12.04 123.35 4.46 284No prot 2 152.99 8.48 86.92 3.14 403Urban 118.46 7.80 70.72 3.21 267Urban No prot 1 227.55 14.99 135.85 6.17 139Urban No prot 2 182.83 12.05 109.15 4.96 173Rural 83.14 7.44 45.39 2.54 357Rural No prot 1 207.56 18.57 113.31 6.34 143Rural No prot 2 130.18 11.65 71.07 3.98 228

19

Road WTP Results (Euro) - Hungary

mean st error median st error obsFull data 14.11 1.68 7.01 0.48 600No prot 1 20.45 2.44 10.16 0.70 414No prot 2 20.45 2.44 10.16 0.70 414Urban 7.39 1.83 3.25 0.42 300Urban No prot 1 17.74 4.39 7.81 1.02 125Urban No prot 2 10.87 2.69 4.79 0.62 204Rural 5.77 0.61 3.26 0.22 300Rural No prot 1 10.19 1.07 5.76 0.39 170Rural No prot 2 8.29 0.87 4.69 0.32 209

20

Road WTP Results (Euro) - Germany

mean st error median st error obsFull data 8.65 0.19 6.48 0.14 623No prot 1 11.82 0.26 8.85 0.19 456No prot 2 11.82 0.26 8.85 0.19 456Urban 11.29 0.28 8.55 0.22 317Urban No prot 1 18.54 0.47 14.05 0.36 193Urban No prot 2 14.61 0.37 11.06 0.28 245Rural 5.54 0.19 4.16 0.14 306Rural No prot 1 9.79 0.34 7.36 0.25 173Rural No prot 2 7.56 0.26 5.69 0.20 224

21

Road WTP Results (Euro) - Spain

mean st error median st error obsFull data 34.29 5.13 14.86 1.15 512No prot 1 49.31 7.38 21.37 1.65 356No prot 2 49.31 7.38 21.37 1.65 356Urban 51.36 10.53 20.13 2.01 278Urban No prot 1 72.11 15.14 28.26 2.89 198Urban No prot 2 72.11 15.14 28.26 2.89 198Rural 19.25 1.10 12.42 0.53 234Rural No prot 1 28.51 1.63 18.39 0.79 158Rural No prot 2 28.51 1.63 18.39 0.79 158

22

Road results - UK

model 1UK t-stat

obs 160loglik -418.56intercept 3.6938 12.82slightannoy 0.3792 1.12modannoy 0.4595 1.40veryannoy 0.776 1.93extannoy 1.2655 3.35decibel Weibull Shape 0.8479

23

Road results - Sweden

model 1 model 3sweden t-stat sweden t-stat

obs 268 268loglik -622.85 -619.09intercept 6.4228 37.56 3.6287 3.51slightannoy 0.2505 1.22 0.2859 1.41modannoy 0.8086 3.71 0.7927 3.70veryannoy 0.9981 4.19 0.9269 3.93extannoy 1.585 5.56 1.6309 5.80decibel 0.043 2.73 Weibull Shape 0.9141 0.9308

24

Road results - Norway

model 1 model 2 model 3Norway t-stat Norway t-stat Norway t-stat

obs 200 138 138loglik -503.43 -350.8 -344.8432intercept 6.6602 20.26 7.6808 7.25 6.6339 6.36slightannoy 0.8253 2.30 0.8718 2.17modannoy 1.4256 3.88 1.4748 3.56veryannoy 1.108 3.02 1.0018 2.44extannoy 1.0379 2.18 1.1804 2.29decibel -0.0002 0.00 -0.0048 0.28 Weibull Shape 0.8493 0.8295 0.8762

25

Road results - Hungarymodel 1

hungary t-statobs 103loglik -224.123intercept 8.3508 17.94slightannoy -0.0555 -0.10modannoy 0.3077 0.58veryannoy 0.9786 1.91extannoy 1.0857 1.98decibel Weibull Shape 0.7813

26

Road results - Germanymodel 1 model 2 model 3germany t-stat germany t-stat germany t-stat

obs 88 88 88loglik -176.6441 -177.7 -175.8257intercept 4.4959 5.01 4.1271 39.97 2.0833 1.00slightannoy -0.6562 -0.70 -0.7472 -0.79modannoy -0.5219 -0.57 -0.5009 -0.55veryannoy -0.2808 -0.30 -0.3514 -0.39extannoy -0.2705 -0.30 -0.5145 -0.56decibel 0.0345 1.28notannoyed 0.3688 0.41 Weibull Shape 1.1168 1.1141 1.1222

27

Road results - Spainmodel 1 model 2SPAIN t-stat SPAIN t-stat

obs 120 119loglik -272.2753 -277.84intercept 4.115 13.26 4.819 30.08slightannoy 1.1813 3.14modannoy 0.4159 0.95veryannoy -0.1647 -0.36extannoy 0.3864 0.80notannoyed -0.7281 -1.98 Weibull Shape 0.7325 0.68

28

Road results (Euro)mean median obs

Sweden annoyance 1 Full data 38.06 24.43 485Sweden annoyance 1 No prot 1 49.22 31.59 375Sweden annoyance 1 No prot 2 45.80 29.40 403Sweden annoyance 2 Full data 48.89 31.38 485Sweden annoyance 2 No prot 1 63.23 40.58 375Sweden annoyance 2 No prot 2 58.84 37.76 403Sweden annoyance 3 Full data 85.43 54.83 485Sweden annoyance 3 No prot 1 110.49 70.91 375Sweden annoyance 3 No prot 2 102.81 65.99 403Sweden annoyance 4 Full data 103.26 66.27 485Sweden annoyance 4 No prot 1 133.54 85.71 375Sweden annoyance 4 No prot 2 124.26 79.75 403Sweden annoyance 5 Full data 185.69 119.18 485Sweden annoyance 5 No prot 1 240.16 154.14 375Sweden annoyance 5 No prot 2 223.48 143.43 403

29

Pooled data - Road

Full zeros positive no prot1 no prot2obs 3572 2633 939 1981 2682% 1 0.74 0.26 0.47 0.35

full prot 1 prot 2mean wtp 37.08 66.85 49.38st error 1.36 2.44 1.81median wtp 18.82 33.93 25.06st error 0.40 0.72 0.53

30

Pooled data - Roadmodel 1 t-stat model 2 t-stat model 3 t-stat

obs 933 933 896loglikelihood -2247.588 -2214.9 -2120.075intercept 4.6707 48.63 4.0728 2.09 2.9417 7.28germany -0.6423 -4.02 -0.8361 -5.40 -0.7204 -4.23spain -0.3856 -2.62 -0.2242 -1.57 0.1021 0.66norway 0.9644 7.56 1.0053 8.14 0.8285 6.21hungary -1.1298 -6.78 -1.2355 -8.32 -1.0217 -6.24sweden 0.1579 1.32 0.2006 1.74 0.1378 1.10slightly annoyed 0.2997 2.22 0.451 3.12moderately annoyed 0.6694 4.83 0.7072 4.82very annoyed 0.792 5.41 0.8871 5.71extremely annoyed 1.1098 7.04 1.2203 7.26persin/1000 0.012 4.03male 0.1325 1.61age 0.0384 2.15agesq -0.0004 -2.33weibull shape 0.8392 0.8788 0.863

31

Road Analysis: Conclusions

1. High number of respondents with WTP=02. High number of protesters in the UK (50%) and Norway

(54.7%)3. WTP depends

• on annoyance levels in Sweden • on high levels of annoyance in the UK and Hungary on

annoyance (but not different levels of annoyance) in Norway

4. Germany is not WTP for annoyance reduction5. Mixed results for Urban Vs Rural:

• WTP for Urban is less than for Rural in UK, Sweden, Hungary.

6. Pooled results conforms with economic theory

32

Descriptive stats - Rail (1) age male College or University Income of respondent

mean median % % mean median UK 45.63 44 33.53 37.65 19211.0052 14647 Norway 45.73 45 50.62 32.25 28056.159 24840 Hungary 48.18 49 36.75 24.75 Germany 58.23 60 47.29 9.85 14312 15000 Spain 45.12 42 44.88 28.69 11956.61 10000

Single Married/living with someone Divorced/separated Widowed

UK 20.66 60.62 12.87 5.85 Norway 12.94 74.63 7.71 4.73 Hungary 16.75 64 7 12.25 Germany 14.78 73.65 3.69 7.88 Spain 24.15 69.89 1.7 3.98

33

Rail annoyance levels

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Not at all Slightly Moderately Very Extremely

Pe

rce

nta

ge UK

Norway

Hungary

Germany

Spain

34

Descriptive stats - Rail (2)If noise from traffic bothers, disturbs or annoys you, could you say what the consequences are for you?

UK Norway Hungary Germany SpainPercent Percent Percent Percent Percent

Find it hard to sleep 21.04 25.55 44.10 31.77 50.14

Sleep with earplugs 1.02 0.99 3.11 9.36 3.70

Do not open windows as often as I would if there were no noise 46.44 18.61 54.66 38.42 39.49Hard to concentrate and disturbing when reading or working 10.01 7.94 24.84 18.97 23.93

Disturbing when watching TV or listening to the radio/music 18.43 19.6 69.57 30.30 48.72Disturbing when talking in the telephone 7.98 16.87 47.20 15.02 23.36

Get headaches/migraine 3.34 1.24 10.25 6.40 0.00

35

Distribution of WTP responses - rail

RAIL noise WTP distribution-UK (Euro)

0

1020

30

4050

60

7080

90

0 4 9 29 44 73 95 146 190 732

36

Distribution of WTP responses - rail

RAIL noise WTP distribution-Norway (Euro)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.000 6 12 37 62 99 124

186

248

373

497

745

994

2484

37

Distribution of WTP responses - rail

RAIL noise WTP distribution-Hungary (Euro)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2.01 4.02 16.1 24.1 40.2 60.2 80.3 100 161 201 402 602

38

Distribution of WTP responses - rail

RAIL noise WTP distribution - Germany

010203040

5060708090

0 5 10 30 50 80 100

150

200

300

600

1000

39

Distribution of WTP responses - rail

ROAD noise WTP distribution - Spain

0102030405060708090

0 5 10 15 30 50 80 100

200

600

3000

40

Rail “No” votesWhy did you vote no, or did not answer the wtp question? UK Norway Hungary Germany Spain Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent I am not that bothered, disturbed or annoyed by the road traffic noise that I would pay 28.65 38.71 36.56 37.80 3.13 I cannot afford to pay 6.23 10.42 39.65 18.45 82.95 It is more important to reduce other nuisances from road traffic 2.14 2.73 11.01 2.38 1.14 The noise reducing measures cannot remove my annoyance from road traffic noise 3.11 2.23 8.81 5.65 0.57 If you live in a city there will be road traffic noise 2.72 3.47 7.93 5.06 0.57 I am going to move soon 0.58 3.23 3.08 7.14 2.84 I already pay enough charges and taxes 14.81 27.05 26.43 19.94 14.49 Government should pay 18.51 42.18 47.58 18.75 10.51 Those that cause the noise should pay for it 7.4 30.77 39.21 16.37 6.82 I do not want more roadwork in the street 1.16 0.74 4.85 0.00 0.00 The question about paying is too difficult to answer 0.19 0.50 3.96 1.19 0.00

41

Rail WTP results (Euro) mean st error median st error obs

UK Full data 15.74 1.14 9.61 0.48 360UK No prot 1 28.61 2.07 17.47 0.87 198UK No prot 2 23.41 1.69 14.30 0.71 242Norway Full data 45.84 3.47 25.91 1.27 403Norway No prot 1 104.95 7.94 59.34 2.91 176Norway No prot 2 62.83 4.75 35.52 1.74 294Hungary Full data 21.39 2.09 10.34 0.57 400Hungary No prot 1 34.64 3.39 16.74 0.92 247Hungary No prot 2 25.24 2.47 12.20 0.67 339Germany Full data 22.79 3.29 11.27 0.92 406Germany No prot 1 39.04 5.63 19.31 1.58 237Germany No prot 2 34.39 4.96 17.02 1.39 269Spain Full data 37.69 3.78 20.20 1.23 352Spain No prot 1 57.94 5.80 31.05 1.89 229Spain No prot 2 42.12 4.22 22.57 1.38 315

42

Rail WTP results - UK model 1 model 2 model 3

UK t-stat UK t-stat UK t-statobs 63 63 63loglik -150.69 -154.82 -155.05intercept 3.7354 10.69 4.1014 24.83 3.9001 13.95slightannoy 0.1163 0.28modannoy 0.7832 1.91veryannoy -0.0268 -0.00extannoy -0.7896 -1.25notannoyed -0.3925 -0.95urban 0.2022 0.62decibel Weibull Shape 0.9646 0.88759

43

Rail WTP results - Norway

model 1 model 5 model 2 model 3 model 4Norway t-stat Norway t-stat Norway t-stat Norway t-stat Norway t-stat

obs 103 103 103 103 90loglik -244.86 -250.63 -249.05 -243.22 -213.18intercept 7.0299 21.00 7.1804 52.27 6.8653 35.30 6.6915 17.95 6.103 4.53slightannoy -0.005 -0.00 0.0626 0.17modannoy 0.3347 0.76 0.507 1.15veryannoy -0.0294 -0.00 -0.0461 -0.10extannoy 1.6924 2.54 1.6389 2.51notannoyed -0.1979 -0.52urban 0.471 1.91 0.4411 1.86decibel 0.0177 0.78 Weibull Shape 0.8808 0.8295 0.9004 0.899

44

Rail WTP results - Hungary

model 1 model 2 model 3Hungary t-stat Hungary t-stat Hungary t-stat

obs 173 173 173loglik -413.63 -416.78 -412.49intercept 9.8122 28.64 9.3199 58.98 10.11 25.74slightannoy -0.8417 -2.01 -1.0082 -2.36modannoy -0.3695 -0.93 -0.5757 -1.39veryannoy -0.8747 -2.25 -0.9943 -2.54extannoy -0.6108 -1.45 -0.699 -1.66urban -0.2282 -1.07 -0.3352 -1.53decibel Weibull Shape 0.7428 0.7198 0.7513

45

Rail WTP results - Germany

model 1 model 2 model 3 model 4 model 5Germany t-stat Germany t-stat Germany t-stat Germany t-stat Germany t-stat

obs 70 70 70 70 70loglik -171.4188272 -168.3582401 -166.67948 1.98 -165.76 -157.04intercept 2.49 2.57 -2.38 -1.17 -4.3047 2.09 3.85 16.72 -5.40 -2.85slightannoy 2.5278 2.26 2.1386 2.19 2.3024 2.64modannoy 2.2008 2.14 2.0505 2.25 2.5085 3.11veryannoy 2.1892 2.16 2.0754 2.21 2.6359 3.30extannoy 2.2337 2.20 2.0397 3.42 2.5258 3.16notannoyedurban 1.3065 4.40 1.3332 5.04decibel 0.0956 3.46 0.0943 3.42 0.0912 3.78 Weibull Shape 0.748 0.8024 0.8239 0.8353 0.9769

46

Rail WTP results - Spainmodel 1 model 2 model 1Spain t-stat Spain t-stat Spain t-stat

obs 82 82 82loglik -189.8437 -190.41 -181.5intercept 4.5672 11.24 4.9862 30.85 5.6948 25.55slightannoy 0.4208 0.82modannoy 0.231 0.45veryannoy 0.6372 1.32extannoy 0.2947 0.57notannoyed -0.4289 -0.97urban -1.2263 -4.61decibel Weibull Shape 0.7932 0.7784 0.904

47

Pooled data - Rail

Full zeros positive no prot1 no prot2obs 1933 1442 491 1222 1535

% 1 0.75 0.25 0.40 0.32

full prot 1 prot 2 obsmean wtp 28.06 44.38 35.33 1933st error 1.69 2.67 2.13median wtp 13.42 21.23 16.90st error 0.45 0.70 0.56

48

Pooled data - Railmodel 1 t-stat model 2 t-stat model 3 t-stat

obs 491 491 446loglikelihood -1189.551 -1187.117 -1056intercept 4.3583 26.08 4.364 17.74 2.681 4.76germany 0.3565 1.55 0.3852 1.60 0.7792 3.17spain 0.5685 2.56 0.6312 2.75 0.487 1.82norway 0.6786 3.21 0.7696 3.58 0.9075 4.24hungary -0.6291 3.23 -0.6076 -3.05 -0.3234 -1.40slightly annoyed -0.1967 -0.77 -0.1781 -0.79moderately annoyed 0.1428 0.63 0.0892 0.40very annoyed -0.144 -0.62 -0.2761 -1.18extremely annoyed 0.0334 0.14 0.0931 0.37persin/1000 0.0031 0.69male 0.2 1.60age 0.0775 3.32agesq -0.0009 -3.76weibull shape 0.7616 0.7677 0.8068

49

Rail Analysis: Conclusions1. High number of WTP=0

2. Rail noise WTP < Road noise WTP, except for Germany

3. High number of protesters: UK 45%, Norway 56%, Hungary 38%, Germany 42%, Spain 35%

4. WTP depends • on annoyance levels in Germany • on high levels of annoyance in Norway

5. WTP does not depend on levels of annoyance in the UK, Hungary, Spain

6. Mixed results for Urban Vs Rural:• WTP for Urban is less than for Rural in Spain • WTP for Urban is more than for Rural in Germany

7. Pooled data confirm that WTP does not depend on annoyance levels

50

Travel timeOccupation

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

UK Sweden Norway Hungary Germany Spain

Self-employed

Employed full-time

Employed part-time

51

Travel timeTransportation mode to work

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

Driver of own orhousehold’s car

Passenger incar

Train Tram Metro Bus

UK Norway

Hungary Germany

Spain

52

Travel timeProb of unexpected delay of 5 mins

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Very likely Quite likely Quite unlikely Very unlikely I don’t know

UK

Norway

Hungary

Germany

Spain

53

Travel time

Journey to workUK Norway Hungary Germany Spain

time 28.57 20.78 40.83 25.07 46.88cost (Euro) 5.71 3.78 1.25 3.63 1.69distance (km) 13.94 20.11 11.63 13.47 6.64All paid by myself 87.68 88.52 86.58 82.34 92.95

54

Travel timeTime Travel 5 Min-UK (Euro)

89.42

2.88 0.96 3.21 0.32 2.24 0.32 0.32 0.320

102030405060708090

100

0.00 0.37 0.51 0.73 1.10 1.46 2.20 2.93 5.13

55

Travel timeTime Travel 10 min-UK(Euro)

82.95

5.25 1.64 4.590.33 2.95 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.66 0.33

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

0 0.366 0.513 0.732 1.318 1.465 1.831 2.197 2.929 5.126 10.25

56

Travel timeTime Travel 5 min- Norway (Euro)

81.44

5.15 2.06 1.55 1.03 4.64 0.26 0.26 0.26 1.29 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.520

20

40

60

80

100

0.0

0

0.2

5

0.5

0

0.7

5

0.9

9

1.2

4

1.4

9

1.7

4

1.9

9

2.4

8

3.1

1

3.7

3

6.2

1

12

.42

57

Travel timeTime Travel 10 min-Norway (Euro)

78.72

2.93 2.66 0.8 1.65.85

0.27 0.27 0.8 1.86 0.27 1.06 2.13 0.80

102030405060708090

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

0.99

1.24

1.49

1.74

1.99

2.48

3.11

3.73

6.21

12.4

2

58

Travel time

Time Travel 5 min-Hungary (Euro)

89.77

4.6 2.3 1.28 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.77 0.26 0.260

102030405060708090

100

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.80 1.00 2.01 2.81 4.02

59

Travel time

Time Travel 10 min-Hungary (Euro)

87.24

4.08 3.32 0.77 1.28 0.26 1.53 0.77 0.26 0.510

20

40

60

80

100

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.60

0.80

2.01

2.81

4.02

60

Travel time

Travel time 5 min - Germany

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1 1.6

61

Travel time

Travel time 10 min - Germany

89.91

2.75 0.92 3.67 0.92 0.92 0.920

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.4 0.8 1 1.4 2 2.5

62

Travel time

Travel time 5 min - Spain

90.14

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.11 4.93

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.01 0.02 0.3 0.4 1 1.1

63

Travel timeTravel time 10 min - Spain

84.51

1.41 1.41 0.7 1.41 0.7 1.41 3.52 1.41 1.41 0.7 1.410

10

2030

4050

6070

8090

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.2 0.6 1 1.1 1.15 2 2.6 6

64

Travel timeWTP for 5 minutes reduction WTP for 10 minutes reduction

mean median obs mean median obs

UK 0.12 0.10 312 0.20 0.16 312

(0.02) (0.02) (0.03) (0.02)

Norway 0.29 0.19 424 0.48 0.32 424

(0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01)

Hungary 0.06 0.03 400 0.08 0.05 400

(0.01) (0.00) (0.01) (0.00)

Germany 0.03 0.03 275 0.05 0.05 275

(0.01) (0.00) (0.01) (0.01)

Spain 0.22 0.14 145 0.27 0.13 142

(0.05) (0.05) (0.12) (0.03)

St. errors in parenthesis

65

Travel time WTP 5 minutes no protesters 1 WTP 10 minutes no protesters 1

mean median obs mean median obs

UK 0.24 0.20 162 0.34 0.28 179

(0.04) (0.03) (0.05) (0.04)

Norway 0.39 0.26 315 0.62 0.42 325

(0.02) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01)

Hungary 0.19 0.11 126 0.24 0.15 137

(0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01)

Germany 0.06 0.06 135 0.09 0.08 147

(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)

Spain 0.33 0.21 97 0.43 0.21 89

(0.08) (0.08) (0.19) (0.05)

66

Travel time WTP 5 mins no protesters 2 WTP 10 mins no protesters 2

mean median obs mean median obs

UK 0.21 0.17 188 0.29 0.24 211

(0.03) (0.03) (0.04) (0.03)

Norway 0.33 0.22 369 0.55 0.37 372

(0.02) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01)

Hungary 0.09 0.05 273 0.13 0.08 265

(0.01) (0.000 (0.01) (0.00)

Germany 0.06 0.06 139 0.09 0.08 154

(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)

Spain 0.33 0.21 97 0.43 0.21 89

(0.080 (0.08) (0.19) (0.05)

67

Travel time analysis: Conclusions

• High number of respondents with WTP=0

• Many protesters in UK (43%) and Hungary (66%)

• WTP increases with time saving, as economic theory suggests

• Germany has low WTP compared to other countries