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Oil and Gas Equipment Types, Controls and Emission Rates

Scott F. Archer

USDI – BLM

National Science &

Technology Center

September 12, 2007

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What is wrong with O&G?

• There is a lot of it.

• There will be more of it.

• The process is fragmented.

• Many small sources, not subject to permitting.

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And it’s Ugly.

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Where does it come from?

• Oil• Gas• Coal• Coal Bed

Methane• Oil Shale• Tar Sands

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Where is it located?

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Where is it located?

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Multiple Companies

• Exploration• Drilling• Servicing• Trucking• Pipelines• Compressors• Refining• Sales

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Leasing

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Drilling

• Very large diesel engines (500-1500 hp)

• Going to year-round operation

• Going to multiple wells off a single pad

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Testing

• Post “Fracting”

• Large quantities of water

• “Free” flow to determine drawdown

• CO, NOx, possible SO2 emissions

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“Oil” Well

• Small well head engines

• Separator• Dehydration• Evap Pond• Storage tanks• Waste pit

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Dehydrator

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Tanks

• Water and/or crude

• VOCs and HAPs

• Sometimes H2S

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Tanker Trucks

• Regular servicing• VOC emissions• Truck Exhaust• Road Dust

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Gas Compression• Wide range of sizes

and types• Single cylinder Pop-

pops• Converted Auto

Engines• 500 hp + engines• Electrification• Use on-site fuels

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The “Good”…

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The “Typical”… (and not so typical)

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and the “Ugly”

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Exploration

Three conditions must be present: 1) source rock, rich in organic material; 2) reservoir rock, such as porous and permeable limestone or dolomite; and

3) a trapping mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

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Exploration

Methods to locate: 1) Maps; 2) Exploratory well “cuttings;” and3) Geophysical studies (gravity, magnetic, seismic reflectionsa trapping

mechanism, such as an anticline or faulted strata.

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Exploration

ISSUE #37  |  November 2005     © Phoenix Geophysics

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

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Well Drilling

• Drill-site preparation (blading well pad)

• Rig up (transport by truck)

• “Spuding in” (beginning drilling operation)

• Drilling, casing and logging

• “Fracting” or “stimulating”

• Testing and cementing (flaring)

• Completion (Well Head)

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Well Drilling

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Drill Rigs

Water rig for CBM

produced-water disposal in the Powder River Basin between Buffalo and Gillette, WY. Proposed drilling depth is 14,000 feet

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Production

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Production

• Artificial lift (Pumpjack)• Well Head Compression• Separators (glycol)• De-hydrators• Tanks or pipelines

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Ancillary FacilitiesVALERUS SUPPLIED AMJAD SUPPORTED

TURNKEY APPLICATIONS

Natural Gas Compression Production Equipment Process Equipment Fluid Control

Wellhead Compression Separators AmineStorage & Transfer Pump

Systems

Gas Gathering Dehydrators Dew Point Control Produced Water Injection

Vapor Recovery CoolersCO2/H2S Removal Amine or

MembranePower Generation

Gas Storage Sand Traps Refrigeration Natural Gas Generator Sets

Gas Pipeline Booster StationsOil & Gas

Line HeatersCryogenic

Diesel Generator Sets

Injection(Air or Gas)

Meter Skids JT Fuel Conditioning Standby Units

Gas Lift Diesel & Gasoline Refineries De-aerator & Boiler Feed Water Continuous Power Units

CNG Gas Filtration Turbo Drive Generator Sets

Gas ProcessOil & Gas

Line HeatersCo-Generation

Onshore & Offshore Environmental Solutions Power Plants

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Ancillary Facilities

• Gas sweetening (Amine Plant)• Sales/Pipeline Compression• Waste water injection

Amine Sweetening Process

LARGE COMPRESSOR STATION IN WYOMINGPhotos provided by Jeff Blend, Montana DEQ

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Secondary Recovery

Water flooding

Also tertiary recovery with CO2 gas injection

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Air Pollutant Emissions

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Alaskan Inspection and Enforcement

For more information

Contact

Scott F. Archer

Senior Air Resource Specialist

303.236.6400

scott_archer@blm.gov

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