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Organizing Life’s Diversity

Chapter 17

Biology

Auburn High School

p. 452 – 479

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17.1: Classification

p. 453 – 463

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How Classification Began Organizing items can help you understand

them better and find them more easily Classification

– The grouping of objects or information based on similarities

Taxonomy– The branch of biology concerned with the

grouping and naming of organisms

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How Classification Began Aristotle’s system

– Developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification

– Classified organisms into 2 groups Plants (3 groups)

– herbs, shrubs, and trees

Animals (grouped by)– Based on where they are mostly located: on land,

in the air, or in water

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How Classification Began Linnaeus’s system

– Developed the classification that we use today

– Grouped based on: Physical and structural similarities of

organisms

– Developed binomial nomenclature (naming)

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How Classification Began Binomial nomenclature

– two-word system to name organisms– First name is the genus; the second

name describes a characteristic of the organism

Turdus migratorius (American Robin)

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How Classification Began– Genus

Consist of a group of similar species

– Additional Example Homo sapiens

– Homo is the genus– A characteristic of humans is intelligence

• sapiens is Latin for “wise”

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How Classification Began– Scientific names

Are always in Latin Must be italicized or underlined 1st letter of the genus is uppercase but the

species is all lowercase

– Organisms may have multiple common name

– Passer domesticus has 4 common names• House sparrow (USA); gorrion (Spain); musch

(Holland); and hussparf (Sweden)

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How Living Things are Classified

Taxa– Series of categories, each larger than the

previous one– aka - Most exclusive to most inclusive

Smallest to largest– Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum,

kingdom

(commonly memorized from largest to smallest)

King Philip Came Over For Granny’s Spaghetti

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How Living Things are Classified

Species– Organisms that look alike– Successfully reproduce among

themselves Genus

– Group of closely related species Family

– Group of closely related genera

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How Living Things are Classified

Order– Group of related families

Class– Group of related order

Phylum/Divisions– Group of related classes

Kingdom– Group of related phyla

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How Living Things are Classified

Differences between plant and animal classification– Animal groups are called phyla (phylum) – Plant groups are called divisions

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Dichotomous Key Is a set of paired statements that can

be used to identify organisms You choose one statement from each

pair that best describes the organism At the end you will identify the name or

what group the organism belongs to

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17.2: The Six Kingdoms

p. 464 – 473

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How do you determine relationships?

5 determining factors:– Structural similarities– Breeding behavior– Geographical distribution

Similar species found in the same isolated area

– Chromosome comparisons Similarities in the number, structure, and DNA

sequence

– Biochemistry Similar DNA nucleotide sequence and proteins

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

6 Kingdoms are:– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria (Monera)– Protists– Fungi– Plants– Animals

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Bacteria– Kingdom eubacteria and archaebacteria contain

all prokaryotic cells– All are commonly called bacteria– Most are in eubacteria– A few are archaebacteria (the ancient bacteria)– Eubacteria – “the true bacteria”

Either heterotroph and autotroph

– Archaebacteria – produces glucose by chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis

autotroph

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Protista (Protist)– eukaryotic

organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments

– Either autotroph or heterotroph

– Amoeba, paramecium, giant kelp

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Fungi (Fungus)– A unicellular or

multicellular heterotrophic eukaryote

– absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment

– consumers that do not move from place to place (heterotroph)

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Plants– A multicellular

eukaryote that photosynthesize

– Oxygen producers– Mosses, ferns,

flowering plants– autotroph

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The Six Kingdoms of Organisms

Animals– Multicellular

consumers that eat and digest other organisms for food

– Animal cells have no cell wall

– Sponge, worms, insects, fish, mammals

– heterotroph

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