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BY: SHAHRULNIZAM JAMEN
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
INTRODUCTION � “Occupational Hygiene” - used in the UK and Commonwealth
countries as well as much of Europe
� “Industrial Hygiene” - used in the US, Latin America, and othercountries that received initial technical support or training fromUS sources
The term "industrial hygiene" traditionally stems from industries with construction, mining
Or manufacturing and "occupational hygiene" refers to all types of industry such as those
listed for "industrial hygiene" as well as financial and support services industries and refers to
"work", "workplace“ and "place of work" in general
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE� The SCIENCE AND ART devoted to the
ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALUATION,and CONTROL of those environmental factors or
stresses, arising in or from the work place, whichcause sickness, impaired health and well being, orsignificant discomfort and inefficiency among workersand members of the community.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
• Trained in engineering, physics, chemistry, environmental science, safety and biology through education and/or experience
• Needs knowledge of health effects of chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic stresses
• Needs to evaluate stresses qualitatively and quantitatively
• Needs to control health hazards by either reducing or eliminating exposures
The Occupational Hygienist
KNOWLEDGE
�SCIENCES
�Engineering
�Physics
�Chemistry
�Biology
�Medical
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
� ARTS
�Judgment
�Communication
Principle of Occupational Hygiene
�ANTICIPATION
� what are potential hazards that may be introduced with processes or products?
�RECOGNITION� what are potential hazards in the workplace?
�EVALUATION� how severe are the potential hazards? Are the potential hazards
truly hazardous?
�CONTROL� how can potential health hazards be eliminated or minimized?
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS/HEALTH
HAZARDS
Chemical agents Gases, vapours, solids, fibres, liquids,
dusts, mists, fumes, etc.
Physical agents
Noise and vibration
Heat and cold
Radiation, Electromagnetic fields, lighting
etc.
Biological agents Bacteria, fungi, etc.
Ergonomic factors Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion
Psychosocial factors Stress, workload and work organisation
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Chemical hazards� Chemical Properties
� Organics
� Inorganics
� Physical properties� Dusts, Fibres, Fumes
� Liquids, Mists
� Gases, Vapors
� Usage� Pesticide, Solvent, Acid, Alkali,
Metal
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Physical Hazards
�Noise
�Vibration
� Ionising radiation
�Non-ionising radiation
� Illumination/lighting
�Extremes of temperatures
�Extremes of pressure
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Biological Hazards
� Micro organisms
-Bacteria, virus
� Mites, insects
� Plant origin
-Fungus, yeasts, moulds
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
What is Occupational Hygiene Role?
Exposure
Work Activity
Disease
Occupational
Hygiene
Occupational
Medicine
Occupational
Health
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
OCC. HEALTH PHYSICIAN
OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICIAN
AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST
HAZARDDISEASES
PREVENTION TREATMENT
WORKER
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
OSH DUTIES AT WORKPLACES ?
Safety and Health Officer/Manager
Safety and Health
Committee
Occ. Health Nurse
Occ. Health Physician
Senior and Line Management
Safety
Engineer
Occ. Hygiene
Practitioner
Employees
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene
� Ca 400 BC Hippocrates in ancient Greece first noted illness in mercury sulphide workers.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene
� Ca 1540 Paracelsus in Austria described lung diseases in mineworkers
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Agricola (ca 1556)
History of Occupational Hygiene
� 1700 Ramazzini, the father of industrial medicine,
and Professor of Medicine in Padua, wrote “De
Morbis Artificum Diatriba”, the first formal study
of industrial diseases.
� It was he who added an addition to Hippocrates
list of questions to patients when taking a history,
namely “what is your occupation?”
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational HygieneThe Industrial revolution from the late 1700s through to the
late 1800s led to increased urbanisation and industrialisation. Picture of Manchester UK.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene
� 1858 John Stenhouse introduces a charcoal
impregnated mask to control exposure to gases
and vapours.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene1889 - Exposure limits are set for humidity and carbon dioxide in cotton mills in the UK.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene� 1890s - Haldane undertakes work on the toxicity of Carbon Monoxide
by exposing rats mice and even himself to varying concentrations within an “exposure chamber”.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
• He used these results to develop “dose v time” plots for severity and discomfort of health effects.
• He introduces the use of small animals and in particular Canaries as the first way of monitoring to give an indication of the levels of toxic gas.
History of Occupational Hygiene1910 Alice Hamilton works in
the US as the first Industrial
toxicologist pioneering the
field of toxicology and
occupational hygiene.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene� 1917 - During the first world war, the urgency of the work in munitions
factories led to poor working conditions.
� The work of the “Health of Munitions Workers Committee” laid theground for many subsequent practices in ergonomics, psychology, welfareand shift-work regimes.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene� 1920s-30s - Industrial hygiene develops and grows in the USA in both the
Public Health Service (PHS) and large private companies. These developmentslay the foundations for the creation of two professional organisations.
� 1938/9 - The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene(ACGIH) and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) wereformed. The first independent professional organisations forindustrial/occupational hygienists . IH numbers in USA grow rapidly duringWWII to assist the war effort.
� 1953 - British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) founded. Society starts publishing Annals of Occupational Hygiene in 1958.
� 1960s - Occupational Safety and Health Act in the USA and the Health andSafety at Work Act in the UK lay the path for Risk Assessment / performancebased legislation.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
History of Occupational Hygiene
� 1970s - Occupational Safety and Health Act in the USA and the Health andSafety at Work Act in the UK lay the path for Risk Assessment /performance based legislation.
� 1980/90s - The practice of occupational hygiene grows widely in the USA,UK, The Netherlands and Australia with legislation in these countriesbeing introduced specifically to focus on chemical and physical hazards.
� 2000s - The societies of 25 different countries are members of theInternational Occupational Hygiene Association (IOHA).
� Industrialisation in countries such as China and India increase theneed for Occupational hygiene.
� The development of modelling techniques for assessing exposure.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Occupational Hygiene in Malaysia� 1966- Formation of Industrial Health Unit as part of Machinery Department.
� 1969- Pollution Control Unit formed to monitor pollution from boiler chimney, chemical plant and discharge of effluent into drains and rivers
� 1974 - Department of Environment formed under EQA 1974, Eventually Pollution Control Unit closed
� 1974- Lead poisoning case in battery factory was diagnosed, this initiate massive industrial hygiene monitoring
� 1980’s Industrial Hygiene Division formed at FMD focus more on lead, asbestos, silica and noise. Followed by several regulations
� 2000-Regulations on use and standard of chemical exposure was gazetted
� 2002-Formation of Malaysian Industrial Hygiene Association
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENT� Factories and Machinery (Lead) Regulations,
1984
� Factories and Machinery (Asbestos Process) Regulation, 1986
� Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations, 1989
� Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations, 1989
� Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations, 2000
Hazard ANTICIPATION� Obtain the process flow chart or description
� Obtain ingredient and product information
� Read the equipment descriptions
� Study the building and process design plans
� Identify exposures to toxic agents
� Anticipate exposure hazards during normal conditions and process upsets
� Consider the potential health effectsExecutive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Hazard RECOGNITION� Sketch the floor plan
� Identify the hazard sources
� Place the sources on the plan
� Place the receivers on the plan
� Show the pathways between them
� Consider the potential health effects
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Workplace Characterization� What is the process?
� Activities?
� Raw materials?
� Products?
� By-products?
� Waste products?
� Processing aids?
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Workforce Characterization� job title / job description
� task analysis
� exposure duration� shift length; continuous
� number of workers / community members / family members
� other considerations� children
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Characterization of Agents
• Form of agent
– chemical
– physical
– biological
• Health effects
– toxicology
– epidemiology
• Exposure Limits
– occupational
– environmental
– children
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Characterization of Agents
• Health Effects
– Sources of Information• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• Toxicology Literature
• Epidemiology Literature
• Internet
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Hazard EVALUATION
� Qualitative Exposure Assessment
� Quantitative Exposure Assessment
� Is the exposure acceptable?
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
QUALITATIVE EVALUATION� Divide into work units
� Determine the degree of hazard
� Evaluate exposure
� Determine the Risk
� Assess adequacy of control measures
� Conclude the evaluation
� Identify actions to be taken
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION� Personal Sampling
� Device worn by worker
� Good measure of exposure
� Area Sampling
� Measure general environment
� Locate contaminated areas
� Not good indicator of exposure
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION
� EQUIPMENT (Direct reading, active, passive)
� METHOD
� STRATEGY (what, where, when, whom, how long,
how many etc.)
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
CONTROLInvolves the reduction of environmental stresses to levelsthat the worker can tolerate without impairment ofhealth or productivity; various general control methodsemployed for accomplishments in an efficient andeffective manner.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
CONTROLDefined as the adjustment or regulation of an operationto meet a standard or guideline, the reduction orprevention of contaminant release, and the ability tocontain a stressor/hazard.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Control the Hazards
o Principle of Control
o Control at source rather than at receiver
o Eliminate or isolate rather than minimise
o Control below occupational exposure standards
o Control risk to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Principle of Control� Principle of Controls
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Source Controls
� Substitution
� Process Change
� Process Enclosure
� Process Isolation
� Wet Methods
� Local Exhaust Ventilation
� Adequate Maintenance Program
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Pathway Controls
� Housekeeping
� General Exhaust Ventilation
� Dilution Ventilation
� Distance
� Continuous Area Monitoring
� Adequate Maintenance Program
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Receiver (Worker) Controls
� Training & Education
� Rotation
� Enclosure of Worker
� Personal Monitoring Devices
� Personal Protective Devices
� Adequate Maintenance Program
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Control the Hazards
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
CONTROL METHODS� Engineering – remove the hazard; should be primarily
considered.
� Administrative – reduce exposures throughscheduling/job rotation; housekeeping; employeetraining; not generally favored.
� Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – use should besecondary to design and implementation ofengineering controls.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
ENGINEERING CONTROLS• Substitution
• Change in process
• Source modification
• Isolation
• Enclosure
• Wet methods
• Ventilation
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
Using a Combination of Controls or The “Swiss Cheese”
Model
Hazard Protective
‘Barriers’
Weaknesses
or ‘Holes’
Elimination
Enclosure/isolation
Administrative
Exposure
Source
Pathway
Receiver
Substitution
Engineering
Personal Protection
Source: BP International Ltd
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLSEXAMPLES:
- Arranging work schedules and the relatedfrequence/duration to limit employee exposures tohealth hazards.
- Transferring employees at PELs to anenvironment where additional exposure is not
anticipated.
- Housekeeping; preventive maintenance.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLSAdministrative controls must be designed only byknowledgeable health and safety professionals, and usedcautiously.
Not as satisfactory as engineering controls and have beencriticized as a means of spreading exposures instead ofreducing or eliminating personal exposures.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
PPEPPE may be used to protect the worker when it is notfeasible to render the working environment completelysafe. Examples: eye/foot/head protection, gloves,respirators.
Considered a secondary control method to engineeringand administrative controls and should be used as a lastresort.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
ADEQUACY OF CONTROL MESURES� Suitability
� Use and effectiveness
� Maintenance
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
SUITABILITY
� Toxicity of chemical� Match the level of risk
� Physicochemical properties� Physical and chemical properties
� Nature of work� Not hinder efficiency of control equipment
� Not potential for other risk
� Adaptability� Adapted to work capacity and capability of worker
� Route of entry� Prevent entry through probable route
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
USE AND EFFECTIVENESSEngineering control
� No accumulation on floor, work surfaces, clothing
� Prevent from reaching the parts to be protected
� Minimal release and contact
Administrative control
� Minimize exposure duration
� Training, instruction and supervision
� Label, warning signs
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
USE AND EFFECTIVENESSPPE
� Correct type
� Correctly fitted
� Used continuously
� Proper instruction and supervision
� Replacement availability
� Proper care and accommodation
� Retesting after repair work
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
MAINTENANCE� Regular inspection
� Periodic testing and examination
� Immediate repair
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
The Importance of Occupational Hygiene
� 2,000,000 work-related deaths per year.
� 386,000 deaths each year from exposure to airborne particulates.
� 152,000 deaths per year from carcinogens in the workplace.
� 37% of Lower Back Pain is attributed to occupation.
Executive Diploma of Occupational Safety & Health (EDOSH) 2011
The World Health Organisation estimates that globally there are: