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Paola Agostini

E-mail: Pagostini@worldbank.org

Rome, May 10, 2006

Ghana: SLM/PES – GEF Project(Terrafrica)

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1986 (January) Landsat Image

2002 (March) Landsat Image

2002: Dark reds = dense tree cover (forest/plantations); greens and yellows = grass; pale-medium blue = bare; dark blue-black = water. Background difference in 1986 mainly a season effect.

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Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded

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Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded

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Loss of tree cover (5% estimated )

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Critical loss of biodiversity and carbon

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Unsustained landuse

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Total loss of tree cover & resultant siltation

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Problems of traditional conventional agriculture production in Ghana

Reasons for the depletion Conversion of forest land for cash crops Shifting cultivation Overgrazing Bushfire Unsustainable timber logging Uncontrolled collection of Non-Timber

Forest Products (NTFPs)

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Possible Technologies for better NRM/SLM

Riparian Forests

Intensive SPS

On agricultural land: Mixed tree crop systems (cocoa agroforests –

cocoa, fruit, timber) Simple tree crop systems (fruit trees) Field boundary planting (fruit, timber) Woodlots (timber) Soil Management

Adjacent to agricultural land: Riparian strips Hedgerows Natural areas Forestland

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Examples of Land uses with Tree Systems

Riparian Forests

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Examples of Land Uses with Tree Systems

Live fences or wind-breaks

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Benefits of Tree Crops Systems and Project Objective

Production ConservationLink

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Benefits of Agroforestry systems

On-site benefits: Promote soil fertility Provide shade Provide fodder Provide additional products (timber, fruit, etc)

Biodiversity benefits: Host larger number and wider variety of species Help connect remaining natural habitats

Carbon benefits: Sequester more carbon in soil and biomass

Water benefits: Higher infiltration (but higher evapotranspiration) Improved water filtration

Often insufficient to justify adoption

Ignored by land users

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What are Environmental Services?

Working Definition: Regulatory functions – upon stocks

and flows of matter and energy – of natural ecosystems which help to maintain or improve the environment and quality of life.

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Example: Hydrologic Services

Possible downstream beneficiaries:

• Water for domestic use• Irrigation systems• Hydroelectric power

generation• Fishing• Recreation• Downstream ecosystems

Land uses in upper watersheds affect the quantity, quality, and timing of stream flows.

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New Principles

Payment for Environmental Services from those who Benefit and Payment to those

Land Owners whose Natural Capital produces those services.

Development of Markets for Environmental Services

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Payments for environmental services

Benefits to land users

Costs to downstream populations and global community

Conventional System

Payment

Improved system with

PES

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Impact of PES on profitability

-500

-250

0

250

500

750

1,000

1,250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Year

Net

farm

inco

me (

US

$)

Current practices

Silvopastoral practices

Silvopastoral practices with PES

Note: 20ha farm in Nicaragua

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Barriers to adoption of Tree Systems/Agroforestry systems

Technological Barriers Capacity/ Institutional Barriers Financial Barriers Policy Barriers Cultural Barriers

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Project Components

1. Policy formulation and dissemination

2. Sustainable Land Management Extension and Capacity Building

3. Eco-services Fund

4. Monitoring and Evaluation

5. Project Coordination

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Consultation process

2004 IITA visits LAC project 2005 Jan Thematic Group Grant for Exchange

LAC/AFR Feb 2005 Workshop in Accra May 2005 Mission IITA- GoG- WB June 2005 Workshop in Ghana August 2005 – Request from Ministry of Environment Oct 2005 GoN-WB-IITA preparation of Block B Feb 2006 Mission to Ghana- WB-GoG-IITA Submission of Block B to GEF (feb 10, 06)