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1
Particle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine
Prof. Ted Wilson (CERN and Oxford University)
based on the book:
ISBN-013 978-981-270-070-4
http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/This talk:http://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/TT2012/
Acclerators 2
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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)The LHC, at CERN, is the primary toolto which high-energy physicists used to discover the Higgs particle. The machine is 28 kmin circumference.
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CERN Control Centre - Layout
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days...3.5 TeV collisions on March 30th
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An “exploded” diagram of the ATLAS detector, for the LHC.
Vdee~
+
Þ At all radii particles cross acceleration gap at same moment !
r
Cyclotron
Magnet
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Spect diagnosis
9Engines of Discovery
Linacs – an idea waiting for a technology
Luis Alvarez
Ed Ginzton
10Engines of Discovery
A modern system for treating a patient with x-rays produced by a high energy electron beam. The system, built by Varian, shows the very precise controls for positioning of a patient. The whole device is mounted on a gantry. As the gantry is rotated, so is the accelerator and the resulting x-rays, so that the radiation can be delivered to the tumor from all directions.
Cancer Therapy Machines
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The Synchrotron
12Engines of Discovery
A drawing showing the Japanese proton ion synchrotron, HIMAC. The facility consists of two synchrotrons, so as to maintain a continuous supply of ions (or protons) to the treatment area. The pulse of ions is synchronized with the respiration of the patient so as to minimize the effect of organ movement.
13Engines of Discovery
This 300 MeV electron synchroton at the General Electric Co. at Schenectady, built in the late 1940s. The photograph shows a beam of synchrotron radiation emerging.
First electron synchroton
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Synchrotron Radiation SourcesThere are more than 50synchrotron radiation facilities in the world.In the US there are machines in Brookhaven(NSLS), Argonne (APS), SLAC: SPEAR and the LCLS, and at LBL (ALS).
This intricate structure of a complex protein molecule structure has been determined by reconstructing scattered synchrotron radiation
15Engines of Discovery
Linac Coherent Light Source and the European Union X-Ray Free Electron Laser
(Fourth Generation)
FELs, invented in the late 1970’s at Stanford are now becoming the basis of major facilities in the USA (SLAC) and Europe (DESY) .They promise intense coherent radiation. The present projects expect to reach radiation of 1 Angstrom (0.1 nano-meters, 10kilo-volt radiation)
↓
16Engines of Discovery
The SLAC site showing its two-mile long linear accelerator, the two arms of the SLC linear collider, and the large ring of PEPII. This is where the LCLS will be located. ↓
Electrons 14 GeVPeak current > 1000ATransversely < 0.1 mm1012 photons0.15 < <1.5l nmPulse: 100 femtoseconds down to 100 attosecondsRate 120 Hz1000 to 10000 times brighter than third generation Cost M$ 300
12101210
17Engines of Discovery
An overview of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Spallation Neutron Sources (SNS)1GeV protonsmean current 1 mA= 1.4 MW of powerIn a 0.7 microsecuond burst
Cost is about 1.5 B$
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High temperature superconductor
Crystal structure of the 90K YBa2Cu3O7 superconductor
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Inertial confinement
20Engines of Discovery
A linac scheme for driving a reactor. These devices can turn thorium into a reactor fuel, power a reactor safely, and burn up long-lived fission products.
Proton Drivers for Power Reactors
21Engines of Discovery
Oxford/LBNL Plasma-Laser Experiments:• Guiding achieved over 33 mm:
• Capillary 190 um• Input laser power 40 TW• Peak input intensity > 1018 W cm-2
• Plasma: 3 × 1018 cm-3
• Spot size at entrance 26 μm• Spot size at exit 33 μm
Exit
W. P. Leemans et al. Nature Physics 2 696 (2006)
Butler et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 185003 (2002).
D. J. Spence et al. Phys. Rev. E 63 015401(R) (2001)
Plasma channel formed by heat conduction to capillary wall. E = (1.0 +/-0.06) GeVΔE = 2.5% r.m.sΔθ = 1.6 mrad r.m.s.
Entrance
22Engines of Discovery
This very large underground detector, located in the mountains of Japan. Many very important results have come from this facility that first took data in 1996. The facility was instrumental in solving “the
solar neutrino problem.
Kamiokande
Solar Neutrino ProblemSuper KK to KGran SassoMinos and NUMISuper BeamsNeutrino FactoriesMuon Colliders
Neutrino experiments
23Engines of Discovery
Basis of muon collider
24Engines of Discovery
The International Linear Collider (ILC)
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I have not mentioned
SterilisationChip manufactureArt and archaeologyNational SecuritySurface treatmentEtc. etc….
26Engines of Discovery
The King of Jordan discussing with scientists the Sesame Project, which will be located in Jordan and available to all scientists.
Accelerators bringing nations together
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Conclusion
I have sketched for you some of the likely future projects of accelerator physics future. Perhaps, the development of accelerators was a passing moment in the history of mankind, but it is much more likely to be an activity that will continue, producing devices not only for physics, but for an ever increasing catalogue applications enriching our everyday lives.
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Thank you for your attention.
29Engines of Discovery
Rutherford fired the starting pistol
The race to high energies
At the Royal Society in 1928 he said “I have long hoped for a source of positive particles more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances”.
30Engines of Discovery
Wideroe invented the Linac
Particle gains energy at each gap Lengths of drift tubes follow
increasing velocity Spacing becomes regular as v
approaches c
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The 60-inch cyclotron. The picture was taken in 1939.
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The induction accelerator, FXR, at Lawrence Livermore, to study the behavior of the implosion process in nuclear weapons
Induction Linacs
The Dual Axis Radiological Hydrodynamic Test Facility This device is to examine nuclear weapons from two axes to reveal departures from cylindrical
symmetry which is a sign of aging.
33Engines of Discovery
Ions
Left is the phase diagram for the quark-gluon plasma
Right is gold-gold collision in RHIC
34Engines of Discovery
The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) scheme. The heart of the facility is composed of a driver accelerator capable of accelerating every element of the periodic table up to at least 400 MeV/nucleon. Rare isotopes will be produced in a number of dedicated production targets and will be used at rest for experiments, or they can be accelerated to energies below or near the Coulomb barrier.
Unstable Isotopes and their Ions
Linear Coherent Light Source and the European Union X-Ray Free Electron Laser
FELs, invented in the late 1970’s at Stanford are nowbecoming the basis of major facilities in the USA (SLAC)and Europe (DESY).They promise intense coherentRadiation. The present projects expect to reach radiation of1 Angstrom (0.1 nano-meters, 10killo-volt radiation)
Engines of Discovery
The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) scheme. The heart of the facility is composed of a driver accelerator capable of accelerating every element of the periodic table up to at least 400 MeV/nucleon. Rare isotopes will be produced in a number of dedicated production targets and will be used at rest for experiments, or they can be accelerated to energies below or near the Coulomb barrier.
Unstable Isotopes and their Ions
Engines of Discovery
An overview of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Spallation Neutron Sources (SNS)1GeV protonsmean current 1 mA= 1.4 MW of powerIn a 0.7 microsecuond burst
Cost is about 1.5 B$
Energy amplifier
Engines of Discovery
The King of Jordan discussing with scientists the Sesame Project, which will be located in Jordan and available to all scientists.
Accelerators bringing nations together
I have not mentioned
SterilisationChip manufactureArt and archaeologyNational SecuritySurface treatmentEtc. etc….