(1) Persons - June 11, 13, 16

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(1) Persons (Review) Atty. Galas Lectures : June 11, 13, 16 (Art 1 3 !ew "ivil "o#e) Ja$$ie %. &arona ( %anresa)

June 11

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 386

ARTICLE 1. 'is Act sall e *nown as te +"ivil "o#e ote Pili--ines.+ (n)

'e "ivil "o#e is Re-ulic Act 36. /t too* e0ect onAuust 32, 142. /t was -ulise# in June 1 an#circulate# in Auust 1.

5y virtue o Article , it too* e0ect one year ater its-ulication. /t too* e0ect a year later, Auust 32, 142,ater its -ulication.

ARTICLE 2. Laws sall ta*e e0ect ater 7teen #aysollowin te co8-letion o teir -ulication in te 9cialGa$ette or news-a-er o eneral circulation1, unless it isoterwise -rovi#e#. 'is "o#e sall ta*e e0ect one year atersuc -ulication. (1a)

'e -rase ;unless oterwise -rovi#e#< reers to tee0ectivity o te law, werey te law sall ta*e e0ectwitout oservin te 14=#ays -erio#, as -rovi#e# or yte law. /t can e lentene# or sortene# #e-en#in on

te -rovision.5ut te re>uire8ent o -ulication is indispensable.

/t as to e -ulise#, oterwise, te law is not #ee8e# toave ta*en e0ect.

Wa! a"e !#se !a! a$e !# be publised%#!e"&ise% !e la& sall n#! be dee'ed !# a$e!a(en e)e*!+1. All statutes, weter o local a--lication an# -rivate

law, or even -rivate laws tat avor a certainin#ivi#ual or e?e8-t a -articular entity ro8 oservincertain re>uire8ents or e?e8-t ro8 certain-rovisions.

TA,A-A $s. TUERA

'is case involves te ne-ew o te late Pres.@er#inan# %arcos were e i88e#iately conerre#citi$ension %icael eon. 'at was not -ulise#.

Accor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, wile it any nota0ect -ulic in eneral, te sa8e as to e -ulise#in or#er or it to e e0ective.

. 5an*o &entral n Pili-inas (5&P) "ircular as well asB?ecutive 9r#ers tat are -unitive in caracter 8uste -ulise# in or#er to e e0ective.

Cow aout #ecisions o te &u-re8e "ourtD

-ERO/ $s. COURT #0 APPEAL 14 CRA 445/n tis case, te court el# tat tere is no law

re>uirin -ulication o &u-re8e "ourt #ecisions eore

tey can e in#in as a con#ition eore eco8ine0ective. /t is te oun#en #uty o a lawyer to *ee-areast wit te latest #ecisions o te &u-re8e "ourt.

/n tis case o Ee Roy vs. "ourt o A--eals, te lawyer7le# a 8otion or e?tension o ti8e to 7le or 8otion orreconsi#eration.

Accor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt tat tis is notallowe#, tis 7lin o e?tension o ti8e to 7le or 8otionor reconsi#eration.

'e lawyer sai# tat it #oes not a0ect is caseecause te case o Habaluyas2was -ulise# ater teya# 7le# te 8otion.

5ut te &u-re8e "ourt sai# no ecause tere is nolaw re>uirin te -ulication o &u-re8e "ourt #ecisions.Fou are a -racticin lawyer an# tus, you soul# e

areast wit te #ecisions o te &u-re8e "ourt.

Cow aout or#inancesD 9r#inances are not covere#y Article . 9r#inances are overne# y te LocalGovern8ent co#e.

ARTICLE 3. /norance o te law e?cuses no one ro8co8-liance terewit.

1As amended by Executive Order 2002Actually, De Roy ang sabi ni maam .. naconfuse ao, aya gic!ec o ang

full text .. !e!e

Article 3 a--lies only to local laws, not to orein laws./t a--lies only to 8an#atory or -roiitive laws, not-er8issive or su--letory laws.

e #o not ta*e Hu#icial notice o orein laws ecauseorein laws are 8atters o act an# tey 8ust e allee# an#-rove# eore we ta*e Hu#icial notice o tat orein law. &o,actual 8atters 8ust e -lea#e# an# -rove# eore our courts.

9terwise, i te orein law cannot e -rove#, ten, you

a--ly te PRINCIPLE O PROCEUAL PREU7PTION,wereo te law o te orein country is te sa8e as our laws.'a*e note tat Article 3 cannot e a--lie# to wit e>ual

orce wit 8inors. %inors occu-y a -rivilee# -osition eoreour laws.

!eiter #oes it a--ly to laws susce-tile o or 8oreinter-retations.

'e avorite case un#er inorance o te law:

7ANANO $s. ANC9E

'is reers to a Hu#e wo sole8ni$e# a 8arriae, woalso notari$e# an a#avit e?ecute# y te -arties to te8arriae were tey state# tey live# toeter as usan#an# wie or 8ore tan I years an# tereore, tey are no

loner re>uire# ro8 ettin a 8arriae license. at wasalso state# in te a#avit was tat tey were se-arate# ro8teir res-ective s-ouses or 8ore tan I years.

An# it was te Hu#e i8sel wo notari$e# te a#avit.'e &u-re8e "ourt sai# tat te res-on#ent cannot ta*e

reue on te Hoint a#avit tat tey a# een coaitin asusan# an# wie or I years. &e-aration #oes not sever8arriae, no 8atter ow lon tey ave een se-arate#.

'e Hu#e ere #e8onstrate# ross inorance o te lawwen e sole8ni$e# a voi# an# ia8ous 8arriae.

%ost o te cases involvin Article 3 woul# involve Hu#es.Go to your Hu#icial etics

ARTICLE :. Laws sall ave no retroactive e0ect, unless te

contrary is -rovi#e#.

!ow, we ave te a--lication o laws.'e eneral law is tat laws are -ros-ectively e0ective.

'ey ave -ros-ective a--lication as a eneral rule.'o ol# oterwise woul# e to -reHu#ice veste# rits,

create new ur#ens or oliations or i8-air rits tat arealrea#y e?istin.

&o, laws enerally ave -ros-ective a--lication.5ut o course, tere are e;*ep!i#ns &e"e !e la&

i!sel0 'a< be =i$en "e!"#a*!i$e appli*a!i#n:

1. / te law is re8e#ial in nature5ein a rule o -roce#ure, no veste# rits sall e

-reHu#ice#, as wat was enunciate# y te &u-re8e "ourt in

te case o Atien$a vs. 5rillantes.

ATIENA $s. BRILLANTE% JR. 2:3 CRA 325'e 7rst 8arriae was celerate# wen te "ivil "o#e was

still in e0ect. An# te Hu#e sai# te 7rst 8arriae is voi#ro8 te einnin ecause it was celerate# witout tere>uire# 8arriae license. An# tere is notin in te "ivil"o#e tat re>uires a #eclaration o nullity o a voi# 8arriae.'is is true.

'is was re>uire# in Article 2 o te @a8ily "o#e weretere is a nee# or a Hu#icial #eclaration o nullity o -reviousvoi# 8arriae.

/n tis case, it was arue# tat e #oes not ave to otaina #eclaration o nullity o a -revious voi# 8arriae ecausete 7rst 8arriae was celerate# un#er te "ivil "o#e. An#tis is only true un#er Article 2 o te @a8ily "o#e.

'e &u-re8e "ourt sai# tat Article 2 o te @a8ily "o#eis a--licale to 8arriaes entere# into ater te e0ectivity ote @a8ily "o#e on Auust 3, 1 rear#less o te #ate ote 7rst 8arriae. 5esi#es, Article 46 o te @a8ily "o#e-rovi#es tat te "o#e is iven retroactive e0ect unlessveste# rits o tir# -ersons sall e -reHu#ice#. 'ere is a-rovision in te @a8ily "o#e -rovi#es or its retroactivity.

Article 2 is a rule o -roce#ure. 5rillantes as not sownany veste# rit tat was i8-aire# y te a--lication o Article2.

. Penal laws -rovi#e# tat:

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a. te accuse# is not a aitual #elin>uent. it 8ust e avorale to te accuse#

3. "urative laws. B8erency laws4. Laws creatin new rits6. 'a? laws

ARTICLE 6. Rits 8ay e waive#, unless te waiver iscontrary to law, -ulic or#er, -ulic -olicy, 8orals, or oo#custo8s, or -reHu#icial to a tir# -erson wit a ritreconi$e# y law.

WAIER O RI>9T. 'is ca8e out in te 22 5arB?a8s.

@or a waiver to e vali#, tere are certain re>uisites:1. 'e waivin -arty 8ust actually ave te rit to erenounce# or it 8ust e in e?istence at te ti8e o tewaiver. Fou cannot waive uture ineritance or wat you#o not ave at tat ti8e you are waivin.. Fou 8ust ave te ull leal ca-acity to 8a*e tewaiver.3. 'e waiver 8ust e clear an# une>uivocal.. 'e waiver 8ust not e contrary to law, -ulic or#er,-ulic -olicy, 8oral or oo# custo8s.

4. 'e waives 8ust not e -reHu#icial to a tir# -ersonwit a rit reconi$e# y law suc as an eir renouncinis clai8 wic suc renunciation woul# -reHu#icecre#itors.6. en or8alities are re>uire# or its vali#ity, ten, teor8alities 8ust e co8-lie# wit.

/ you re8e8er in your 9liations an# "ontracts,e?-ress con#onation 8ust co8-ly wit te or8alities o#onation.

'o reres, tere is a -rovision un#er 9liations an#"ontracts werein i you owe a #et an# i it is 8onetaryan# te a8ount is 8ore tan P 4,222, ten, it soul# e inwritin.

/ it involves real -ro-erties, ten, it 8ust e in a

-ulic instru8ent. 'e acce-tance 8ust also e in a-ulic instru8ent.

>U/ $s. CA ep!. 1% 2??65aren an# a8ille, re-resente# y teir 8oter,

allee# tat tey were te leiti8ate cil#ren o late &i8aei. 'ey are now as*in or teir sare in te estate ote late &i8a ei.

'e cil#ren o &i8a ei an# te wie #enie# tataren an# a8ille were te leiti8ate cil#ren o &i8aei. 5ut in teir 8otion, asi#e ro8 te #enial o te7liation o te cil#ren, tey allee# tat te cil#rens8oter, Re8e#ios, as alrea#y waive# teir rit ecausetey ave alrea#y receive# ro8 &i8a ei P 322,222 an#e#ucational assistance. /n sort, tey ave alrea#ywaive# teir rit since tey ave alrea#y een -ai# y

te late &i8a ei.'e &u-re8e "ourt in tis case sai# tat te Release

an# aiver o "lai8 is not a ar ro8 clai8in teirsuccessional rits. 'o e vali# an# e0ective, a waiver8ust e couce# in clear an# une>uivocal ter8s wicleave no #out as to te intention o a -arty to ive u- arit or ene7t wic leally -ertains to i8.

/t 8erely states tat Re8e#ios receive# P322,222.22an# an e#ucational -lan or er 8inor #auters ;y wayo 7nancial assistance an# in ull settle8ent o any an# allclai8s o watsoever nature an# *in# ? ? ? aainst teestate o te late Ru7no Guy &usi8.u< $s. CA.

>U/ . CA EPT. 1% 2??65

ACT@ 'is is a -etition or te settle8ent o te intestateestate o &i8a ei. Res-on#ents, re-resente# y teir 8oter(Re8e#ios), allee# tat tey are te illeiti8ate cil#ren o &i8aei. 'ey -ray or te or#erly settle8ent o te estate an# tea--oint8ent o te #ecease#s son as te a#8inistrator.

'e oter eirs o &i8a ei o--ose# te -etition on teroun# tat te 7liation as not yet een -rove#. @urter, tat teres-on#ents clai8 a# een -ai#, waive#,aan#one# or oterwise

e?tinuise# y reason o te Release an# aiver o "lai8 sine#y res-o#ents 8oter, statin tat in e?cane or te 7nancialan# e#ucational assistance receive#, te res-on#ents #iscarete estate o &i8a ei ro8 any an# all liailities.

9EL-: Re8e#ios Release an# aiver o "lai8 #oes not ar-rivate res-on#ents ro8 clai8in successional rits. 'o e vali#an# e0ective, a waiver 8ust e couce# in clear an# une>uivocalter8s wic leave no #out as to te intention o a -arty to iveu- a rit or ene7t wic leally -ertains to i8. A waiver 8aynot e attriute# to a -erson wen its ter8s #o not e?-licitly an#clearly evince an intent to aan#on a rit.

/n tis case, we 7n# tat tere was no waiver o ere#itaryrits. 'e Release an# aiver o "lai8 #oes not state wit clarityte -ur-ose o its e?ecution. /t 8erely states tat Re8e#iosreceive# P322,222.22 an# an e#ucational -lan or er 8inor

#auters ;y way o 7nancial assistance an# in ull settle8ent oany an# all clai8s o watsoever nature an# *in# ? ? ? aainst teestate o te late Ru7no Guy &usi8.uis8ent o a *nown rit. ere one lac*s

*nowle#e o a rit, tere is no asis u-on wic waiver o it canrest. /norance o a 8aterial act neates waiver, an# waivercannot e estalise# y a consent iven un#er a 8ista*e or8isa--reension o act.

/n te -resent case, -rivate res-on#ents coul# not ave-ossily waive# teir successional rits ecause tey are yet to-rove teir status as ac*nowle#e# illeiti8ate cil#ren o te#ecease#. Petitioner i8sel as consistently #enie# tat -rivateres-on#ents are is co=eirs. /t woul# tus e inconsistent to ruletat tey waive# teir ere#itary rits wen -etitioner clai8stat tey #o not ave suc rit. Cence, -etitioners invocation o

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waiver on te -art o -rivate res-on#ents 8ust ail.(Canniya &evilla )

ARTICLE 8. Ju#icial #ecisions a--lyin or inter-retinte laws or te "onstitution sall or8 -art o te leal syste8o te Pili--ines.

e o to Article on Hu#icial #ecisions. 'ey are not

laws. 'ey are wat we call asu"isp"uden*e #octrinesor8ulate# y te #ecisions o te &u-re8e "ourt. 5uttey are not laws.

ARTICLE . !o Hu#e or court sall #ecline to ren#erHu#8ent y reason o te silence, oscurity or insuciencyo te laws.

'is only a--lies to civil cases an# not to cri8inalcases ecause tere is no cri8e wen tere is no law-unisin it.

ARTICLE 1. Laws relatin to a8ily rits an# #uties, orto te status, con#ition an# leal ca-acity o -ersons arein#in u-on citi$ens o te Pili--ines, even tou livin

aroa#.

'is is a very co88on source o ar e?a8ination>uestions. 'e last ti8e tis was as*e# was in 224. &o,7E7ORIE.

e a#ere to NATIONALIT/ T9EOR/. Rear#less oyour resi#ence, or as lon as you are @ili-ino citi$ens,ten, wit res-ect to a8ily rits an# #uties, status,con#ition an# leal ca-acity, you are overne# yPili--ine law.

e also ave tis RENOI -OCTRINE, wic wasstate# in te case o ANAR $s. >ARCIA. ere our lawreers a case to te orein law an# te orein law reersit ac* to our country or #eter8ination.

ANAR $s. >ARCIA Janua"< 31% 1635(a.*.a. in &uccession:

/n te 8atter o 'estate /ntestate o "ristensen)9EL-@ Pili--ine law soul# overn. 'e national law8entione# in Article 16 o our "ivil "o#e is te law on conKicto laws in te "aliornia "ivil "o#e, wic autori$es tereerence o te >uestion to te law o te testators #o8icile.

'e conKict o law rule in "aliornia reers ac* te case wena #ece#ent is not #o8icile# in "aliornia to te law o is#o8icile, te Pili--ine law in tis case.

'is is te -ro-er a--lication o te d#*!"ine #0 "en$#i(reerrin ac*).

5ut tere is anoter teory, a variation o te RenvoiEoctrine, is te TRAN7IION T9EOR/. 'e'rans8ission teory states tat i te orein law reers to

a tir# country, ten, te laws o te sai# tir# countrysall overn.@or instance, i a oreiner lives in te Pili--ines ut

as -ro-erties in "ana#a, wo is a citi$en o Ja-an an##ies in te Pili--ines, nor8ally, it woul# reer ac* to iscountry o oriin. 5ut i te country o oriin woul# saytat te estate sall e settle# y te law o te -lacewere te -ro-erty is locate#, tat is wat we call!"ans'issi#n !e#"

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en tey 8arrie# on July 1, 1, 'ristan was stilllawully 8arrie# to Lily. 'e #ivorce #ecree tat 'ristanan# Lily otaine# ro8 te Eo8inican Re-ulic never#issolve# te 8arriae on# etween te8. /t is asic tatlaws relatin to a8ily rits an# #uties state# in Article14 are in#in u-on citi$ens o te Pili--ines, eventou livin aroa#. Cence, i a @ili-ino rear#less oweter e or se was 8arrie# ere or aroa#, initiates a-etition aroa# to otain an asolute #ivorce ro8 s-ousean# eventually eco8es successul in ettin an asolute#ivorce #ecree, te Pili--ines will not reconi$e sucasolute #ivorce.

An# it cite# te very ol# case o Tenchavez vs. Escao.

EL7AR PERE . COURT O APPEAL Jan. 24% 2??65

ACT: 'ristan 8arrie# Lili twice on %ay 16. &everal yearslater, te cou-le encountere# 8arital -role8s tat tey#eci#e# to se-arate ro8 eac oter. M-on a#vice o a 8utualrien#, tey #eci#e# to otain a #ivorce ro8 te Eo8inicanRe-ulic. 'us, on A-ril I, 1, 'ristan an# Lily e?ecute# a&-ecial Power o Attorney a##resse# to te Ju#e o te @irst"ivil "ourt o &an "ristoal, Eo8inican Re-ulic, a--ointinan attorney=in=act to institute a #ivorce action un#er its laws.

'e #ivorce was later on rante#.9n 1, 'ristan 8arrie# Bl8ar Pere$. Eurin teir

coaitation, -etitioner learne# tat te #ivorce #ecree issue#y te court in te Eo8inican Re-ulic wic +#issolve#+ te8arriae etween 'ristan an# Lily was not reconi$e# in tePili--ines an# tat er 8arriae to 'ristan was #ee8e# voi#un#er Pili--ine law. en se conronte# 'ristan aout tis,te latter assure# er tat e woul# leali$e teir union atere otains an annul8ent o is 8arriae wit Lily. 'ristanurter -ro8ise# te -etitioner tat e woul# a#o-t teir sonso tat e woul# e entitle# to an e>ual sare in is estate astat o eac o is cil#ren wit Lily.

9n Auust 13, 221, 'ristan 7le# a -etition or te#eclaration o nullity o is 8arriae to Lily. &use>uently,-etitioner 7le# a %otion or Leave to @ile /ntervention12

clai8in tat se as a leal interest in te 8atter in litiationecause se *nows certain inor8ation wic 8it ai# te

trial court at a trutul, air an# Hust a#Hu#ication o teannul8ent case, wic te trial court rante# on &e-te8er32, 22.

IUE: O! te or#er rantin te 8otion to intervene wascorrect.

9EL-: !o.'e re>uire8ents or intervention are: aQ leal interest in

te 8atter in litiation an# Q consi#eration 8ust e ivenas to weter te a#Hu#ication o te oriinal -arties 8ay e#elaye# or -reHu#ice#, or weter te intervenorDs rits 8aye -rotecte# in a se-arate -rocee#in or not.

Leal interest, wic entitles a -erson to intervene, 8uste in te 8atter in litiation an# o suc #irect an# i88e#iatecaracter tat te intervenor will eiter ain or lose y #irect

leal o-eration an# e0ect o te Hu#8ent. &uc interest 8uste actual, #irect an# 8aterial, an# not si8-ly continent an#e?-ectant.

Petitioner clai8s tat er status as te wie an#co8-anion o 'ristan or 1I years vests er wit te re>uisiteleal interest re>uire# o a woul#=e intervenor un#er teRules o "ourt.

Petitioners clai8 lac*s 8erit. Mn#er te law, -etitionerwas never te leal wie o 'ristan, ence er clai8 o lealinterest as no asis.

en -etitioner an# 'ristan 8arrie# on July 1, 1,'ristan was still lawully 8arrie# to Lily. 'e #ivorce #ecreetat 'ristan an# Lily otaine# ro8 te Eo8inican Re-ulicnever #issolve# te 8arriae on# etween te8. /t is asictat laws relatin to a8ily rits an# #uties, or to te status,con#ition an# leal ca-acity o -ersons are in#in u-onciti$ens o te Pili--ines, even tou livin aroa#.Rear#less o were a citi$en o te Pili--ines 8it e, eor se will e overne# y Pili--ine laws wit res-ect to isor er a8ily rits an# #uties, or to is or er status,con#ition an# leal ca-acity. Cence, i a @ili-ino rear#less oweter e or se was 8arrie# ere or aroa#, initiates a-etition aroa# to otain an asolute #ivorce ro8 s-ouse an#eventually eco8es successul in ettin an asolute #ivorce#ecree, te Pili--ines will not reconi$e suc asolute#ivorce.

en 'ristan an# Lily 8arrie# on %ay 1, 16, teir8arriae was overne# y te -rovisions o te "ivil "o#e 1

wic too* e0ect on Auust 32, 142. /n te case o Tenchavez v.Escano we el#:(1) 'at a orein #ivorce etween @ili-ino citi$ens, sout an##ecree# ater te e0ectivity o te -resent "ivil "o#e (Re-. Act !o.36), is not entitle# to reconition as vali# in tis Huris#iction an#neiter is te 8arriae contracte# wit anoter -arty y te#ivorce# consort, suse>uently to te orein #ecree o #ivorce,entitle# to vali#ity in te country.

'us, -etitioners clai8 tat se is te wie o 'ristan even i

teir 8arriae was celerate# aroa# lac*s 8erit. 'us, -etitionernever ac>uire# te leal interest as a wie u-on wic er 8otionor intervention is ase#.

(Canniya &evilla )

'ere is tis case o:AN LUI $s. AN LUI

'is involves te or8er overnor o 5atanas, @elicisi8o&an Luis. @elicisi8o &an Luis, #urin is lieti8e, 8arrie# 3ti8es. 'e 7rst 8arriae was ter8inate# y virtue o te#eat o te 7rst wie. 'e 7rst 8arriae -ro#uce# 6 cil#ren.

@elicisi8o ten 8arrie# an A8erican, %erry Lee. 'eyave a cil#. 5ut %ary Lee later on otaine# a #ecree o#ivorce.

&use>uently, ater te #ivorce, @elicisi8o 8arrie#

@elici#a#.en @elicisi8o #ie#, e a# an estate o aout P 32%.@elici#a# 7le# eore te court a -etition or te #issolution oconHual -artnersi- estate as well as tat se e iven te-osition o a#8inistration over te estate o te late@elicisi8o.

'e cil#ren o te 7rst 8arriae o--ose# te -etitionclai8in tat @elici#a# is 8erely a 8istress o @elicisi8oecause te 8arriae o @elicisi8o to %erry Lee as not eenter8inate#.

@elici#a# -resente# eore te court te 8arriae contractto %ary Lee, annotatin te #ecree o asolute #ivorce issue#y te @a8ily "ourt o te @irst "ircuit, &tate o Cawaii to -rovetat te 8arriae o @elicisi8o to %erry Lee a# alrea#y een#issolve# to sow tat se is te leal wie o @elicisi8o.

'e &u-re8e "ourt sai# in tis case tat -etitioners, te

eirs o @elicisi8o, cite# Article 14 an# 1I o te "ivil "o#e instatin tat te #ivorce is voi# un#er Pili--ine law insoar as@ili-inos are concerne#. /n te lit o te &u-re8e "ourtsrulins in Van Dorn, te @ili-ino s-ouse soul# not e#iscri8inate# aainst in is own country i te en#s o Husticeare to e serve#.

'e #ivorce #ecree allee#ly otaine# y %erry Lee wicasolutely allowe# @elicisi8o to re8arry, woul# ave veste#@elici#a# wit te leal -ersonality to 7le te -resent -etitionas @elicisi8os survivin s-ouse. Cowever, te recor#s sowtat tere is insucient evi#ence to -rove te vali#ity o te#ivorce otaine# y %erry Lee as well as te 8arriae o@elici#a# an# @elicisi8o un#er te laws o te M.&.A.

/n Garcia v. Recio, te "ourt lai# #own te s-eci7cui#elines or -lea#in an# -rovin orein law an# #ivorce

Hu#8ents. /t el# tat -resentation solely o te #ivorce#ecree is insucient. "itin aain &ections an# 4 o Rule13 o te Rules o "ourt, a writin or #ocu8ent 8ay e-roven as a -ulic or ocial recor# o a orein country yeiter (1) an ocial -ulication or () a co-y tereo atteste#y te ocer avin leal custo#y o te #ocu8ent. / terecor# is not *e-t in te Pili--ines, suc co-y 8ust e (a)acco8-anie# y a certi7cate issue# y te -ro-er #i-lo8aticor consular ocer in te Pili--ine orein service statione# inte orein country in wic te recor# is *e-t an# ()autenticate# y te seal o is oce.

'ose are te a##itional re>uire8ents in te case o anLuis $s. an Luis.

AN LUI $s. AN LUI eb. 6% 2??45

ACT: @elicisi8o contracte# 3 8arriaes:a. wit irinia &ulit in 1 == irini -re#ecease# @elicisi8o. wit %ary Lee "orwin == an A8erican citi$en wo 7le# or#ivorce in Cawaii wic was rante# in 1I3c. wit @elici#a# (res-on#ent) in LA, "aliornia in 1I.

@elicisi8o #ie# in 1. 'ereater, res-on#ent sout te#issolution o teir conHual -artnersi- an# te settle8ent o teestate o @elicisi8o. 'e -etitioners (cil#ren ro8 te 1st8arriae) o--ose# te -etition on te roun# tat te res-on#entwas only a 8istress o @elicisi8o, since at te ti8e o is #eat,@elicisi8o was still leally 8arrie# to %ary Lee.

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Res-on#ent tereater -resetne# te #ecree o asolute#ivorce issue# y te @a8ily "ourt o te @irst "ircuit, &tate oCawaii to -rove tat te 8arriae o @elicisi8o to %erry Leea# alrea#y een #issolve#. 'us, se clai8e# tat @elicisi8oa# te leal ca-acity to 8arry er y virtue o -arara-,Article 6 o te @a8ily "o#e an# te #octrine lai# #own inan Eorn v. Ro8illo, Jr.

9EL-: /n tis case, te &" a--lie# te rulin in an Eor8 vs.

Ro8illo case.

Anent te issue o res-on#ent @elici#a#s leal-ersonality to 7le te -etition or letters o a#8inistration, we8ust 7rst resolve te issue o weter a @ili-ino wo is#ivorce# y is alien s-ouse aroa# 8ay vali#ly re8arryun#er te "ivil "o#e, consi#erin tat @elici#a#s 8arriae to@elicisi8o was sole8ni$e# on June 2, 1I, or eore te@a8ily "o#e too* e0ect on Auust 3, 1. /n resolvin tisissue, we nee# not retroactively a--ly te -rovisions o te@a8ily "o#e, -articularly Art. 6, -ar. () consi#erin tattere is sucient Huris-ru#ential asis allowin us to rule inte ar8ative.

'e #ivorce #ecree allee#ly otaine# y %erry Lee wicasolutely allowe# @elicisi8o to re8arry, woul# ave veste#

@elici#a# wit te leal -ersonality to 7le te -resent -etitionas @elicisi8os survivin s-ouse. 9#&e$e", te recor#s sowtat tere is insucient evi#ence to -rove te vali#ity o te#ivorce otaine# y %erry Lee as well as te 8arriae ores-on#ent an# @elicisi8o un#er te laws o te M.&.A.

/n Garcia v. Recio, te "ourt lai# #own te s-eci7cui#elines or -lea#in an# -rovin orein law an# #ivorce

Hu#8ents. /t el# tat -resentation solely o te #ivorce#ecree is insucient an# tat -roo o its autenticity an# #uee?ecution 8ust e -resente#. Mn#er &ections an# 4 oRule 13, a writin or #ocu8ent 8ay e -roven as a -ulic orocial recor# o a orein country y eiter (1) an ocial-ulication or () a co-y tereo atteste# y te ocer avinleal custo#y o te #ocu8ent. / te recor# is not *e-t in tePili--ines, suc co-y 8ust e (a) acco8-anie# y acerti7cate issue# y te -ro-er #i-lo8atic or consular ocer

in te Pili--ine orein service statione# in te oreincountry in wic te recor# is *e-t an# (b) authenticatedby the seal of his oce.

it rear# to res-on#ents 8arriae to @elicisi8oallee#ly sole8ni$e# in "aliornia, M.&.A., se su8itte#-otoco-ies o te %arriae "erti7cate an# te annotate# te?to te @a8ily Law Act o "aliornia wic -ur-orte#ly sowtat teir 8arriae was #one in accor#ance wit te sai# law.As state# in Garcia, owever, te "ourt cannot ta*e Hu#icialnotice o orein laws as tey 8ust e allee# an# -rove#.

'ereore, tis case soul# e re8an#e# to te trial courtor urter rece-tion o evi#ence on te #ivorce #ecreeotaine# y %erry Lee an# te 8arriae o res-on#ent an#@elicisi8o.

Bven assu8in tat @elicisi8o was not ca-acitate# to8arry res-on#ent in 1I, neverteless, we 7n# tat telatter as te leal -ersonality to 7le te suHect -etition orletters o a#8inistration, as se 8ay e consi#ere# te co=owner o @elicisi8o as rear#s te -ro-erties tat wereac>uire# trou teir Hoint e0orts #urin teir coaitation.(Canniya &evilla )

'ere is tis case on Article 14 ut wit 8ore or lesste sa8e acts. 'e case is:

CATALAN $s. COURT O APPEAL eb. 6% 2??45'is case involves @ili-ino s-ouses wo 8irate# to

te Mnite# &tates an# otaine# A8erican citi$ensi-.Ater years o 8arriae, tey #eci#e# to #ivorce.

&oon ater te #ivorce, 9rlan#o returne# to tePili--ines an# 8arrie# %ero-e in Panasinan. en te7rst wie, @elicitas, learne# o te 8arriae, se 7le# anaction or #eclaration o nullity o 8arriae wit #a8aesaainst 9rlan#o an# %ero-e, clai8in tat te 8arriae isvoi# ecause %ero-e is -reviously 8arrie# to Juan5raan$a, wic 8arriae as not yet een ter8inate#eiter y #eat or y te court trou annul8ent.

Eoes @elicitas ave te leal -ersonality to 7le anaction or #eclaration o nullity o te suse>uent 8arriaeetween er or8er usan# an# te -resent wieD

Petition to #eclare nullity o 8arriae an# any oter action8ust e -rosecute# in te na8e o te real -arty in interest,wic 8ust e ase# on a cause o action.

'us, in Nial vs. Bayadog, te "ourt el# tat tecil#ren ave te -ersonality to 7le te -etition to #eclare tenullity o te 8arriae o teir #ecease# ater to teirste-8oter as it a0ects teir successional rits.

/n 7ne, -etitioners -ersonality to 7le te -etition to#eclare te nullity o 8arriae cannot e ascertaine# ecauseo te asence o te #ivorce #ecree an# te orein lawallowin it. Cence, a re8an# o te case to te trial court orrece-tion o a##itional evi#ence is necessary to #eter8ineweter res-on#ent 9rlan#o was rante# a #ivorce #ecreean# weter te orein law wic rante# te sa8e allows orrestricts re8arriae. / it is -rove# tat a vali# #ivorce #ecreewas otaine# an# te sa8e #i# not allow res-on#ent 9rlan#osre8arriae, ten te trial court soul# #eclare res-on#ents8arriae as ia8ous an# voi# ab iniio.

9n te contrary, i it is -rove# tat a vali# #ivorce #ecreewas otaine# wic allowe# 9rlan#o to re8arry, ten te trialcourt 8ust #is8iss te instant -etition to #eclare nullity o8arriae on te roun# tat -etitioner @elicitas A8or="atalanlac*s leal -ersonality to 7le te sa8e.

&o, aain, tere is a nee# to re8an# to te lower court te

case or #eter8inin te vali#ity o te #ivorce #ecree to e-rove# in accor#ance wit &ection an# 4 o Rule 13 ote Rules o "ourt, as well as te oter re>uisites 8entione#y te &u-re8e "ourt in te case o !an "uis vs. !an "uis.

ARTICLE 16. Real -ro-erty as well as -ersonal -ro-erty issuHect to te law o te country were it is situate#.

Cowever, intestate an# testa8entary successions, ot witres-ect to te or#er o succession an# to te a8ount osuccessional rits an# to te intrinsic vali#ity o testa8entary-rovisions, sall e reulate# y te national law o te -ersonwose succession is un#er consi#eration, watever 8ay e tenature o te -ro-erty an# rear#less o te country werein sai#-ro-erty 8ay e oun#. (12a)

('e 7rst -arara- is te eneral rule.)

('e secon# -arara- is te e?ce-tion.)

/n relation to Article 16, i you are a oreiner an# you area resi#ent o te Pili--ines, you cannot -rovi#e in your willtat your estate sall e #istriute# in accor#ance witPili--ine laws ecause o te nationality teory.

ARTICLE 14. 'e or8s an# sole8nities o contracts, wills,an# oter -ulic instru8ents sall e overne# y te laws o tecountry in wic tey are e?ecute#.

en te acts reerre# to are e?ecute# eore te #i-lo8aticor consular ocials o te Re-ulic o te Pili--ines in a oreincountry, te sole8nities estalise# y Pili--ine laws sall eoserve# in teir e?ecution.

Proiitive laws concernin -ersons, teir acts or -ro-erty,

an# tose wic ave or teir oHect -ulic or#er, -ulic -olicyan# oo# custo8s sall not e ren#ere# ine0ective y laws orHu#8ents -ro8ulate#, or y #eter8inations or conventionsaree# u-on in a orein country. (11a)

Articles 1I, -arara-s 1 an# , reer to te or8s an#sole8nities o contract, wills an# oter -ulic instru8entswic sall e overne# y te laws o te -lace were teinstru8ent is e?ecute# or te country were te instru8ent ise?ecute#.

en we say 0#"'% it reers to te leal or tecnical8anner wic is to e oserve# y te leal instru8ent. /tse?ternal a--earance.

en we say sole8nities, contracts 8ust ollow certainor8s.

it res-ect to te -rovision o -arara- 1 o Article 1I,

it is e?ecute# eore a consular ocial o te Re-ulic o tePili--ines, ten, it 8ust e in accor#ance wit te laws o tePili--ines wic sall e oserve# in te e?ecution o tecontract.

&o8e o wic are enerally un#er our law, te Eee# oEonation involvin real -ro-erty 8ust e in a -ulic#ocu8ent. 'e acce-tance 8ust e in a -ulic #ocu8ent.

5ut i te @ili-ino as a -ro-erty in Con on, an# i tereis notin in Con on laws tat woul# re>uire te sa8e toe in a -ulic #ocu8ent. / it were e?ecute# eore telawyers o Con on an# tere is no nee# o -ulic

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#ocu8ent, it is sucient tat it is in writin, ten, it isalrea#y vali#.

Nuestions wit res-ect to te #ocu8ent, eore ourlaws, you o ac* to p"#*essual p"esu'p!i#n. Let te-erson allee it an# -rove it eore te court te law inCon on.

Parara- 3, you correlate it wit Article 14. 'is-articular -rovision was cite# in te case o TENC9AE$s. ECA,O. 'is was aout BscaSo wo went to teMnite# &tates an# 7le# or #ivorce.

TENC9AE $s. ECA,O N#$. 2% 165ACT@ BscaSo e?cane# vows wit Pastor 'encave$.BscaSo ten let to te M&. &e 7le# or #ivorce. A #ecree o#ivorce was ten issue# y te Eistrict "ourt o !eva#a.

BscaSo later 8arrie# an A8erican. &e ten, ac>uire#A8erican citi$ensi-. 'encave$ initiate# -rocee#ins aainstBscaSo an# er -arents wo8 e care# o avin#issua#e# an# #iscourae# BscaSo ro8 Hoinin i8 an#alienatin er a0ections. Ce as*e# or a leal se-aration an#clai8e# 8oral #a8aes.

BscaSo clai8e# a vali# #ivorce an# e>ually vali# 8arriaeto er A8erican usan#.

IUE@ eter or not te Pili--ine court 8ay reconi$e a#ivorce #ecree otaine# aroa# y s-ouses wo are @ili-inociti$ens

9EL-@ 'e 8arriae etween 'encave$ an# BscaSore8aine# susistin an# un#issolve# un#er Pili--ine law,notwitstan#in te #ecree o asolute #ivorce otaine# yBscaSo ro8 !eva#a. At te ti8e te #ivorce #ecree wasissue#, BscaSo, li*e er usan#, was still a @ili-ino citi$en.&e was ten suHect to Pili--ine law, an# Article 14 o te"ivil "o#e o te Pili--ines.

@or te Pili--ine courts to reconi$e an# ive reconitionor e0ect to a orein #ecree o asolute #ivorce etween@ili-ino citi$ens coul# e a -atent violation o te #eclare#-ulic -olicy o te state, s-ecially in view o te 3r#

-arara- o Article 1I o te "ivil "o#e./n tis Huris#iction, BscaSos #ivorce an# secon# 8arriae

are not entitle# to reconition as vali#, or er -revious unionto 'encave$ 8ust e #eclare# to e e?istent an#un#issolve#.

JUNE 13 "ida< !e 13! 5

'ere is tis new case. 'e case is 8ore actually onte cane o na8e. 5ut one o te issues raise# y te-etitioner eore te &u-re8e "ourt was te a--lication oArticle , wen te law is insucient or silent, te court orHu#e sall not #ecline to ren#er Hu#8ent.

ILERIO $s. REPUBLIC O*!. 22% 2??45/n te case at te ar, Ro88el Jacinto Eantes &ilverio

7le# eore te Reional 'rial "ourt a -etition or a cane

o na8e, as well as en#er, ecause e a# is en#ercane ro8 8ale to e8ale. Accor#in to i8, terecor#s soul# now conor8 to te -ysical cane e asun#erone. /n act, e is aout to 8arry is A8ericanoyrien#, %r. B#el. !ow, e 7le# a -etition to cane isna8e ro8 Ro88el to %ely an# te en#er ro8 8ale toe8ale. 9ne o tose e -resente# was is 7ancT, isA8erican oyrien#.

/n sort, tere was no o--osition or a co-y o te-etition urnise# to te 9ce o te &olicitor General.'ere was no o--ositor. !eiter te &olicitor General nora re-resentative ro8 te 9ce o te &olicitor Generala--eare# #urin te trial wen te trial was 8a#e in telower court. &o, it was rante#.

'e lower court elieves tat no ar8, inHury or-reHu#ice will e cause# to anyo#y or te co88unity in

rantin te -etition. 9n te contrary, rantin te-etition woul# rin te 8uc=awaite# a--iness on te-art o te -etitioner an# er 7ancT an# te reali$ation oteir #rea8s ecause e as always elt, tout an#acte# li*e a wo8an, now -ossesses te -ysi>ue o ae8ale. Cis 8isortune to e tra--e# in a 8ans o#y isnot is own #oin an# soul# not e in any way ta*enaainst i8. 'at was te -ronounce8ent o te lowercourt.

en it was rante#, eore it eca8e 7nal an#e?ecutory, te Re-ulic o te Pili--ines 7le# now a-etition or certiorari eore te a--ellate court. 'e

a--ellate court, o course, reverse# te #ecision o te lowercourt ecause tere is no law tat allows te cane o onesna8e as well as ones en#er wen one a# a se?reassin8ent.

&o, te -etitioner went to te &u-re8e "ourt. A8ontose e raise#, e >uote# Article . 'at it was Hust -ro-eror te court to ren#er a #ecision in is avor, even i tere isno law ecause Article says:

ARTICLE . !o Hu#e or court sall #ecline to ren#erHu#8ent y reason o te silence, oscurity or insuciency o telaws.

/s e correctD 'ere are oter issues tere ut we will#iscuss te issue wen we o to te a--ro-riate article. asi8eron #in 8arriae #ito e .. yun re>uire8ent .. etween8an an# a wo8an.

Fou 8it e intereste# to *now tat te -onente ere isJustice "orona. An# e starte# is #ecision in tis way:

#hen God creaed $an, He $ade hi$ in he li%eness o& God'He creaed he$ $ale and &e$ale. (Genesis )*+2-

$ihan gazed u/on he ba$boo reed /laned by Bahala andshe heard voices co$ing &ro$ inside he ba$boo. 01h Norh

#ind Norh #ind 3lease le us ou,4 he voices said. !he/ec%ed he reed once, hen 5ice. ll o& a sudden, he ba$boocrac%ed and sli o/en. 1u ca$e 5o hu$an beings' one 5as a

$ale and he oher 5as a &e$ale. $ihan na$ed he $an06ala%as4 (!rong- and he 5o$an 06aganda4 (Beaui&ul-.

(The "egend o& 6ala%as and 6aganda-

Anyway, can Article e a--lie#D'e &u-re8e "ourt sai# it is true tat Article o te "ivil

"o#e 8an#ates tat ;no Hu#e or court sall #ecline to ren#erHu#8ent y reason o te silence, oscurity or insuciency ote law.< Cowever, it is not a license or courts to enae inHu#icial leislation. 'e #uty o te courts is to a--ly orinter-ret te law, not to 8a*e or a8en# it ecause suc woul#e actually an a8en#8ent o te law.

@irst, o course, it soul# e a 8an an# a wo8an. An# te"onstitution itsel -rotects te sanctity o 8arriae.

5eore we o to Article 1, / woul# li*e to o ac* toArticle 16 on te e?ce-tions.

'e e?ce-tions / sai# woul# reer to intestate ortesta8entary succession, wit res-ect to te or#er osuccession. /n te or#er o succession, we ave teco8-ulsory eirs an# te leal or intestate eirs. 'eco8-ulsory eirs can e #ivi#e# into te -ri8ary, wic arete leiti8ate cil#ren. (itin .. secon#ary siuro yun-asaot na isa ). Fan an or#er o succession.

A8ount o successional rit, un#er te @a8ily "o#e,woul# only e etween tat o te leiti8ate an# illeiti8atecil# ecause te #istinction o illeiti8ate cil#ren as eenre8ove# y te @a8ily "o#e. e no loner ave oter ty-eso illeiti8ate cil#ren. e only ave ty-es o cil#ren, teleiti8ate an# te illeiti8ate. An# we *now very well tat inte a8ount o successional rit, te leiti8ate cil#renreceive a ier -art tan tat o te illeiti8ate cil#ren. 'esare o te illeiti8ate is U o te sare o te leiti8atecil#.

&o, you 8it ave orotten tat also /ntrinsic vali#ity o te testa8entary -rovisions reer only

to instances were tere is a will, weter it is notarial orolora-ic ecause i tere is no will, wat will overn is telaws on intestate succession.

ARTICLE 1. Bvery -erson 8ust, in te e?ercise o is ritsan# in te -eror8ance o is #uties, act wit Hustice, iveeveryone is #ue, an# oserve onesty an# oo# ait.

'at is wat is co88only reerre# to as te PRINCIPLEO ABUE O RI>9T.

'is was 7rst enunciate# y te &u-re8e "ourt in te veryearly case o:

ELA/O $s. 9ELL 165'e #etor a# conerre# wit te several cre#itors an#

tol# te cre#itors tat e coul# not ully satisy te #i0erentcre#its. &o, e sai# tat e is oin a--ortion in -ro-ortion tote res-ective clai8s o te cre#itors.

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5ut one o te cre#itors *new tat te #etor as a-lane so8ewere in te Mnite# &tates an# tol# are-resentative to attac te -lane.

(&ell was te sai# cre#itor. /t e0ecte# a transer oits cre#it aainst te #etor to te A8erican "or-oration&ell 9il "o8-any, assinin its cre#it. /t was A8erican"or-oration &ell 9il co8-any wic 7le# a co8-laintaainst te #etor eore te &u-erior "ourt in te M&Aan# a writ o attac8ent was a--lie# or an# issue#aainst a -lane. )

&o, te &u-re8e "ourt sai# tat tat act wile it 8aye in accor#ance wit Article 1, owever, te cre#itor asause is rits to te -reHu#ice o te oter cre#itors.

&o, tat was te very 7rst.

9 course, you ave ear# te case o:>LOBE 7ACA/ $s. CA Au=. 2% 185

/n tis case o Gloe %ac*ay, te @ili-ino e8-loyee,'oias, #iscovere# certain ano8alies in te co8-any.at e #i# was to tell te oreiner oss aout teano8alies tat e #iscovere#. 5ut instea# o einco88en#e# or wat e #iscovere#, e was instea#accuse# o #oin te very sa8e act wic e a##iscovere#. Ce was accuse# o ein te autor o tose

ano8alies tat was co88itte# in te oce.An# e was arasse#. 'ere were investiations

con#ucte# y -rivate investiation aency. Ce was sue#eore te court ut te cases tat were 7le# y te courtwere #is8isse# y te -rosecution.

Mnale to ear arass8ent, e #eci#e# to resin. /nact, it was not really resination ut e was sort o ein*ic*e# out ro8 te oce.

Ater tat, e #eci#e# to a--ly or a Ho wit Re-ulic'ele-one "o8-any (RB'BL"9). 5ut te or8er oss,learnin o te a--lication, wrote to RB'BL"9 not toacce-t 'oias ecause 'oias is a tie. !aturally,RB'BL"9 #i# not acce-t 'oias.

at 'oias #i# was to sue Gloe %ac*ay or#a8aes.

/n tis case, te &u-re8e "ourt sai# tat tis Article,*nown to contain wat is co88only reerre# to as te-rinci-le o ause o rits, sets certain stan#ar#s wic8ust e oserve# not only in te e?ercise o ones ritsut also in te -eror8ance o ones #uties.

'e i8-utation o uilt witout asis an# te -atterno arass8ent #urin te investiations o 'oiastransress te stan#ar#s o u8an con#uct set ort inArticle 1. 'e "ourt as alrea#y rule# tat te rit ote e8-loyer to #is8iss an e8-loyee soul# not econuse# wit te 8anner in wic te rit is e?ercise#an# te e0ects Kowin terero8.

'ere is tis case:AR EAT BAN n#& (n#&n as Ban( #0 Pilippine

Islands5 $s. PACILAN% JR. Jul< 2% 2??5

Pasilan is a current account ol#er wit @ar Bast 5an*.Ce issue# I seven cec*s. Cis current account as only a#e-osit o P 6,222 -lus. 'e I cec*s e issue# a8ounte#to 8ore tan P I,222.

en te last o te cec* was -resente# y teol#er, naturally, it was #isonore# on te roun# oinsucient un#s.

5ut, i88e#iately tereater, te ollowin #ay, 7rsttin in te 8ornin, Pasilan #e-osite# te a8ountcorres-on#in to te cec* tat was su--ose#ly#isonore#. 5ut @ar Bast 5an* close# te account oPasilan on te roun# o i8-ro-erly 8isan#le# account.

en Pasilan learne# o te closure, e wrote to @arBast 5an* as*in or te reason wy tere was te closureo is account werein e as alrea#y #e-osite# te

a8ount o te cec* tat a# ounce# or te one tat was#isonore#.Ce #i# not et any re-ly ro8 @ar Bast 5an*. at e

#i# was to 7le a co8-laint aainst @ar Bast 5an* or#a8aes un#er Article 1, clai8in tat @ar Bast 5an* asause# its rits wen it close# is account ecause esai# tat te closure was unHusti7e#. %oreover, teclosure woul# e?-ose i8 to -rosecution o cri8inal casesinvolvin violation o 5atas Pa8ansa . %oreover, esai# tat woul# e8arrass i8 ecause e is a res-ecte#lea#er in te civic an# an*in co88unity. Pasila is acasier o Pru#ential 5an*.

Accor#in to i8, it cause# i8 slee-less nits,es8irce# re-utation, social u8iliation, woun#e# eelins,etc. /n sort, e cite# te article on 8oral #a8aes.

/n te case o Pasilan, te &u-re8e "ourt sai# in or#ertat tere sall e wat we call as ause o rits, tere are 3ele8ents.

'e 7rst is !e e;is!en*e #0 a le=al "i=! #" du!uently, My-itcin 7le# a co8-laint aainstNuia8co or >uali7e# tet an#Oor violation o te Anti=@encinLaw. 5ut te case was #is8isse# y te "ity Prosecution.

Ater tat, Nuia8co 7le# a case aainst My-itcin or#a8aes or te (1) unlawul ta*in o te 8otorcycle ()utterance o a #ea8atory re8ar* (tat res-on#ent was atie) an# (3) -reci-itate 7lin o a aseless an# 8aliciousco8-laint. Accor#in to i8, te acts u8iliate# an#e8arrasse# i8 an# inHure# is re-utation an# interity.

/s e entitle# to #a8aesDAccor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, tat wile it 8ay e true

tat a 8ortaee 8ay ta*e ste-s to recover te 8ortae#

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-ro-erty to enale it to enorce or -rotect its oreclosurerit tereon, tere is, owever, a well=#e7ne# -roce#ureor te recovery o -ossession o 8ortae# -ro-erty. &o8uc tat e 8ust rin a civil action eiter to recoversuc -ossession as a -reli8inary ste- to te sale, or tootain Hu#icial oreclosure.

Petitioner cor-oration aile# to rin te -ro-er civilaction necessary to ac>uire leal -ossession o te8otorcycle. /nstea#, My-itcin #escen#e# onres-on#ents estalis8ent wit is -olice8en an#or#ere# te sei$ure o te 8otorcycle witout a searcwarrant or court or#er. orse, in te course o te illealsei$ure o te 8otorcycle, My-itcin even 8oute# aslan#erous state8ent.

!o #out, te cor-oration, actin trou its co=-etitioner My-itcin, latantly #isrear#e# te lawul-roce#ure or te enorce8ent o its rit, to te -reHu#iceo Nuia8co. 'eir acts violate# te law as well as -ulic8orals, an# transresse# te -ro-er nor8s o u8anrelations.

'e asic -rinci-le o u8an relations, e8o#ie# inArticle 1 o te "ivil "o#e, is also *nown as te p"in*iple#0 abuse #0 "i=!s.

'ere is an ause o rit wen it is e?ercise# solely

to -reHu#ice or inHure anoter./n tis case, te 8anner y wic te 8otorcycle was

ta*en at -etitioners instance was not only atten#e# ya# ait ut also contrary to te -roce#ure lai# #own ylaw. "onsi#ere# in conHunction wit te #ea8atorystate8ent, -etitioners e?ercise o te rit to recover te8ortae# veicle was utterly -reHu#icial an# inHurious toNuia8co. 'us, te totality o -etitioners actions sowe#a calculate# #esin to e8arrass, u8iliate an# -uliclyri#icule Nuia8co.

/n as 8uc tat Ra8as My-itcin is a lawyer an# anocer o te court, tri-le costs aainst -etitioners or isi8-ro-er eavior.

'a*e note, you are aout to eco8e lawyers.

'ere was tis case:CEBU COUNTR/ CLUB% INC. CCCI5 $s.

ELIA>ADUEJanua"< 18% 2??85

9ne o te 8e8ers o "eu "ountry "lu is &an%iuel "or-oration, a s-ecial co8-any -ro-rietary8e8er o """/. &an %iuel "or-oration #esinate# asits s-ecial non=-ro-rietary 8e8er Bli$aa>ue.

!ow, Bli$aa>ue wante# to eco8e a -ro-rietary8e8er o """/. Ce was tol# tat in or#er or one toeco8e a 8e8er o "eu "ountry "lu, e as to-urcase a sare ro8 te "eu "ountry "lu, /nc. Asare o te "eu "ountry "lu woul# cost aout P 4%.5ut Mncuan o0ere# Bli$aa>ue is sare or only P 3.4%.5ut Bli$aa>ue instea# out te sare o 5utali# or onlyP 3%. An# tereater, 7le# is a--lication to eco8e a

-ro-rietary 8e8er o te """/.Cis a--lication was en#orse# y o te 5oar# o

Eirectors o """/. en te 5oar# o Eirectors 8et, isa--lication was #eerre#. &use>uently, in two oter8eetins, te 5oar# #eci#e# to #eny te a--lication oBli$aa>ue an# wrote Bli$aa>ue te #enial or te reusalto acce-t is a--lication to eco8e a 8e8er o te "eu"ountry "lu, /nc. witout statin te reason.

Bli$aa>ue 8ove# or a reconsi#eration. !o answerwas 8a#e. Ce wrote aain twice. &o, e wrote treeti8es to te "eu "ountry "lu, /nc. or reconsi#eration aswell as as*in te reason wy is a--lication or-ro-rietary 8e8ersi- was reHecte#.

en te 3 co88unications were not answere#,Bli$aa>ue now 7le# a co8-laint or #a8aes aainst te

"eu "ountry "lu, /nc. "eu "ountry "lu, /nc. 8ove#or te #is8issal o te co8-laint on te roun# o#a8nu8 as>ue inHuria or #a8ae witout inHury.%oreover, accor#in to te8, tey ave tis rule tat inor#er or -erson to eco8e a -ro-rietary 8e8er o teclu, te acce-tance 8ust e unani8ous, wic 8eanstat te votes o all te #irectors 8ust e unani8ous.

5ut in te a--lication or8, tere was notin teretat states tat it re>uires a unani8ous vote. Accor#into ""/, tat -articular rule was actually a8en#e#. /t nowre>uires a unani8ous vote y te 5oar# o Eirectors.

&o, wen tey a# tat 8eetin, tere was one lac*all. Paran -o-e aa, yun s8o*e. 'ere was tis

lac* all. /n sort, tere was no unani8ity in te #ecision.Cence, te #enial o te a--lication.

5ut te &u-re8e "ourt sai# in tis case, tat oviously,te 5oar# as te rit to a--rove or #isa--rove ana--lication or -ro-rietary 8e8ersi-. 5ut suc rit soul#not e e?ercise# aritrarily. Articles 1 an# 1 o te "ivil"o#e on te "a-ter on Cu8an Relations -rovi#e restrictions.

9ne, te a8en#8ent to &ection 3(-arara- c) o itsA8en#e# 5y=Laws re>uirin te unani8ous vote o te#irectors -resent at a s-ecial or reular 8eetin was n#!p"in!ed on te a--lication or8 res-on#ent 7lle# an#su8itte# to te "ountry "lu. at was -rinte# tereon waste oriinal -rovision o &ection 3(c) wic was silent on tere>uire# nu8er o votes nee#e# or a#8ission.

'e e?-lanation tat te a8en#8ent was not -rinte# onte a--lication or8 #ue to econo8ic reasons is Ki8sy an#unconvincin. &uc a8en#8ent, asi#e ro8 ein e?tre8elysini7cant, was intro#uce# way ac* in 1I or al8ost twenty(2) years eore Bli$aa>ue 7le# is a--lication. /t cannot eato8e# wy suc a -restiious an# e?clusive ol countryclu wose 8e8ers are aVuent, #i# not ave enou 8oneyto cause te -rintin o an u-#ate# a--lication or8.

/t is tus clear tat res-on#ent was let ro-in in te #ar*won#erin wy is a--lication was #isa--rove#. Ce was not

even inor8e# tat a unani8ous vote o te 5oar# 8e8erswas re>uire#. en e sent a letter or reconsi#eration an#an in>uiry weter tere was an oHection to is a--lication,-etitioners a--arently inore# i8. At te very least, teysoul# ave inor8e# i8 wy is a--lication was#isa--rove#.

'e e?ercise o a rit, tou leal y itsel, 8ustnoneteless e in accor#ance wit te -ro-er nor8. ente rit is e?ercise# aritrarily, unHustly or e?cessively an#results in #a8ae to anoter, a leal wron is co88itte# orwic te wron#oer 8ust e el# res-onsile. Petitioners#isa--roval o res-on#ents a--lication is caracteri$e# y a#ait as oun# y ot te trial an# a--ellate court.

at aout te reliance on #a8nu8 as>ue inHuriaD&uce it to state tat te sa8e is 8is-lace#. /n$onoy

v. Guierrez, we el# tat tis -rinci-le #oes not a--ly wen!e"e is an abuse #0 a pe"s#nFs "i=!, as in tis case.

'at is te case o "eu "ountry "lu.

&o, tis is te catc=all -rovision o te "ivil "o#e. Article1 is te ol#en rule o te "ivil "o#e.

ARTICLE 2?. Bvery -erson wo, contrary to law, wilully orneliently causes #a8ae to anoter, sall in#e8niy te latteror te sa8e.

ARTICLE 21. Any -erson wo wilully causes loss or inHury toanoter in a 8anner tat is contrary to 8orals, oo# custo8s or-ulic -olicy sall co8-ensate te latter or te #a8ae.

at are tose #a8aesD Fou ave 6: 7ENTAL or7ANTLE %oral, B?e8-lary, !o8inal, 'e8-erate, Actual an#Li>ui#ate#.

/n ot instances, weter it is contrary to laws orcontrary to 8orals. (.. you are entitle# to #a8aes )

9 course, you *now very well tat a 8ere reac o-ro8ise to 8arry is not an actionale wron, unless actuale?-enses were incurre# or te act was 8eant to e8arrass orto u8iliate te oter -erson suc as enunciate# in te caseo:

WA7ER $s. ELE -e*. 26% 16:5'e 8an a# a cane o 8in#. &ai niya we will not o

trou wit te we##in. / a8 oin ac* to "aayan. 'en,ater tat, e sent a telera8 to te 7ancTe an# sai# tat tewe##in will -us trou. &o, te ri#e=to=e or#ere# er

we##in own, we##in invitations were sent out an# terewas alrea#y a #own-ay8ent 8a#e. en te we##in #atearrive#, e #i# not arrive.

/n tat case, te &u-re8e "ourt sai# wile a 8ere reaco -ro8ise to 8arry is not an actionale wron, ut to or8allyset a we##in an# o trou all te -re-aration an# -ulicity,only to wal* out o it wen te 8atri8ony is aout to esole8ni$e#, is >uite #i0erent. 'is is -al-aly an#unHusti7aly contrary to oo# custo8s or wic #een#ant8ust e el# answerale in #a8aes in accor#ance witArticle 1.

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An# o course, asi#e ro8 tat, tere is tis -ay8entor actual #a8aes i you ave alrea#y incurre# e?-enses.&uc as wat a--ene# in te case o #ass$er, not only8oral ut also actual #a8aes. 5ut ein actual, it 8uste -rove#. /n te asence o -roo ut tere aree?-enses, te8-erate #a8aes can e as*e#. !o loneractual #a8aes. !o8inal #a8aes can only e as*e# orte vin#ication o a rit. Li>ui#ate# can only e as*e# iit is aree# u-on y te -arties.

'ere is tis case o:BUENAENTURA $s. CA 7a"* 31% 2??5

/ te 8arriae is ter8inate# y reason o-sycoloical inca-acity o one o te s-ouses, is tearieve# s-ouse or te -sycoloically ca-acitate#s-ouse entitle# to #a8aesD

'at was te issue in te case o Buenavenura vs.8, were te usan# was not actually rea#y or8arriae. Ce #oes not want to et 8arrie# in sort. 5utte -arents -use# i8 to et 8arrie#. at e #i# wasto court a wo8an an# -reten# tat e was in love wit tewo8an. en tey ot 8arrie# an# a# a cil#, e coul#no loner relate to te cil# as well as to te wie. Ce#oes not want, in act, is 8arriae to wor*. Bvery ti8e

tey woul# >uarrel, e woul# leave te ouse, instea# ote wo8an leavin te ouse. /n one o teir >uarrels, e7nally let te conHual o8e an# reuse# to reconcile witte wie.

'ere was now tis case. en te wie testi7e#,accor#in to er, te very act o te usan# cause# erserious an?iety, 8ental anuis, es8irce# re-utation,slee-less ni, etc. an# tereore, se is entitle# to#a8aes. /s se correctD

/ you are oin to note Article 1, it says willullycauses loss or inHury to anoter in a 8anner tat iscontrary to 8orals, oo# custo8s or -ulic -olicy.

/n tis case, te &u-re8e "ourt sai# it 8ust e note#tat Article 1 states tat te in#ivi#ual 8ust willullycause loss or inHury to anoter. 'ere is a nee# tat teact is willul an# ence #one in co8-lete ree#o8.

/t is contra#ictory to caracteri$e acts as a -ro#uct o-sycoloical inca-acity, an# tereore, eyon# tecontrol o te inca-acitate# -arty ecause o is-sycoloical inca-acity, ecause o is innate inaility toco8-ly wit te essential 8arital oliations o 8arriae,an# at te sa8e ti8e consi#erin te sa8e set o acts aswillul. 5y #eclarin !oel as -sycoloically inca-acitate#,te -ossiility o awar#in 8oral #a8aes on te sa8eset o acts was neate# ecause it is not willul on te-art o !oel not to co8-ly wit te essential 8aritaloliations o 8arriae.

/n sort, i te 8arriae is ter8inate# y reason o-sycoloical inca-acity, ten, tere can e no awar# or#a8aes.

'e awar# o 8oral #a8aes soul# e -re#icate#,

not on te 8ere act o enterin into te 8arriae, ut ons-eci7c evi#ence tat it was #one #elierately an# wit8alice y a -arty wo a# *nowle#e o is #isaility an#yet willully conceale# te sa8e. 'is is not true wenone is -sycoloically inca-acitate#.

ARTICLE 22. Bvery -erson wo trou an act o -eror8ance y anoter, or any oter 8eans, ac>uires orco8es into -ossession o so 8etin at te e?-ense o telatter witout Hust or leal roun#, sall return te sa8e toi8.

Article is unus! en"i*'en!.As we ave learne# in 7rst year, tis is not te sa8e

as solutio in#eiti ecause ere, tere is no 8ista*e. /n

solution in#eiti, tere is -ay8ent or #elivery y 8ista*e.B?a8-le o tose acts tat woul# all un#er Article is -ay8ent or oo#s 8ore tan its value an# you *nowtat it is in e?cess o its value. &o, te uyer can #e8an#or te return o te e?cess.

'ere is tis case o:REPUBLIC $s. LACAP 7a"* 2% 2??45

Laca- is a contractor o-eratin un#er te usinessna8e o "arwin "onstruction. An# te awar# o tei##in tat was con#ucte# y te Eistrict Bnineer oPa8-ana or te reailitation o &itio 4 5aay Pare, ewon te i##in.

Ater 7nisin te concretin o &itio 4 5aay Pare, teoce o Eistrict Bnineer o &an @ernan#o, Pa8-ana,acce-te# te co8-lete# wor* an# in act, issue# a "erti7cateso @inal /ns-ection an# @inal Acce-tance.

&o, Laca- now #e8an#e# or te -ay8ent o te wor*.5ut "9A #isa--rove# te 7nal release or te -ay8ent o tewor* tat was 8a#e y Laca- on te roun# tat is license asa contractor a# alrea#y e?-ire# wen e entere# into tecontract wit te EPC o te Eistrict Bnineer o Pa8-ana.

at te Eistrict Bnineer o Pa8-ana #i# was to reerte 8atter to te EPC Leal Ee-art8ent. 'e lawyer o-ine#tat tere was notin un#er Re-ulic Act 466 tat -reventste -ay8ent o te co8-lete# wor* even i te contractorslicense as alrea#y e?-ire#. /t #i# not #eclare it voi# utrater, it 8erely -rovi#e# or certain -enalties.

!everteless, te Eistrict Bnineer reuse# to yiel# to tea#vice o te lawyer. Aain, e re>ueste# a clari7cation ro8te sa8e Leal Ee-art8ent. An# aain, te Leal Ee-art8entissue# te sa8e o-inion an# or#ere# te Eistrict Bnineer to-ay Laca-. 5ut no -ay8ent was 8a#e.

&o, Laca- now was orce# to 7le an action or co8-laint,aainst te Eistrict Bnineer or s-eci7c -eror8ance. /s eentitle# to -ay8entD

'e &u-re8e "ourt sai# tat te wor#ins o RA !o. 466

are clear. /t #oes not #eclare, e?-ressly or i8-lie#ly, as voi#contracts entere# into y a contractor wose license a#alrea#y e?-ire# ecause it 8erely -rovi#e# tat te use o ane?-ire# or revo*e# certi7cate or license, te -erson wo use#tat sall only e uilty o 8is#e8eanor an# sall u-onconviction e sentence# to -ay a 7ne o not less tan P 422ut not 8ore tan P4,222.

5esi#es, Article o te "ivil "o#e wic e8o#ies te8a?i8 Ne$o e9 alerius inco$$ode debe lecu/leari (no8an out to e 8a#e ric out o anoters inHury). 'isarticle is -art o te ca-ter o te "ivil "o#e on Cu8anRelations, te -rovisions o wic were or8ulate# as ;asic-rinci-les to e oserve# or te ritul relationsi- etweenu8an eins an# or te staility o te social or#er.uity. ile te act is consi#ere# to e involuntary, owever,ecause e is enrice# y reason o suc act, ten, e isolie# to in#e8niy te -erson wo as een -reHu#ice# ysuc involuntary act.

9 course, 8ost autors woul# only cite one e?a8-le ( /

tin* yun a Koo# #rives As cattle to te lan# o 5 an# 5s cro- is#estroye# y As cattle ). Anoter e?a8-le ere is tere istis 7re. 'o -revent te 7re ro8 s-rea#in, you #estroy teouse wic is eore te oter ouse. 'en, te ouse wicas een save# y reason o te #estruction o te ouse isolie# to in#e8niy te owner o te ouse tat was#estroye# ecause trou suc involuntary act, e as eenenrice#.

ARTICLE 2:. /n all contractual, -ro-erty or oter relations,wen one o te -arties is at a #isa#vantae on account o is8oral #e-en#ence, inorance, in#ience, 8ental wea*ness,ten#er ae or oter an#ica-, te courts 8ust e viilant or is-rotection.

Article is ancore# on te -#*!"ine #0 Pa"ensPa!"iae, te inerent -ower o te state to -rovi#e -rotectionnot only to te -erson ut also to te -ro-erty o aninca-acitate# -erson.

ARTICLE 2. 'outless e?travaance in e?-enses or-leasure or #is-lay #urin a -erio# o acute -ulic want ore8erency 8ay e sto--e# y or#er o te courts at te instanceo any overn8ent or -rivate caritale institution.

'a*e note tat Article 4 is only true #urin a -erio# oacute -ulic want or e8erency wic we o-e woul# nota--en to te Pili--ines ecause tis is alrea#y a--enin in

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so8e oter -arts o te worl#. 'ey eca8e sucecause o natural cala8ity.

'a*e note also tat tis can only e sto--e#, tis#is-lay o e?travaance, y te overn8ent or !G9, acaritale institution.

ARTICLE 26. Bvery -erson sall res-ect te #inity,-ersonality,-rivacy an# -eace o 8in# o is neiors an# oter -ersons.

'e ollowin an# si8ilar acts, tou tey 8ay not constitutea cri8inal o0ense, sall -ro#uce a cause o action or#a8aes, -revention an# oter relie:(1) Pryin into te -rivacy o anoters resi#ence() %e##lin wit or #isturin te -rivate lie or a8ilyrelations o anoter(3) /ntriuin to cause anoter to e alienate# ro8 isrien#s() e?in or u8iliatin anoter on account o is reliiouselies, lowly station in lie, -lace o irt, -ysical #eect, oroter -ersonal con#ition.

Article 6 ca8e out in 1II.'ese are acts #one y a tir# -erson, tou tey

8ay not constitute a cri8inal o0ense, owever, tey sallive rise to actions or #a8aes, -revention an# oterrelie.

'ese are te acts.

ARTICLE 24. Any -erson su0erin 8aterial or 8oral lossecause a -ulic servant or e8-loyee reuses or nelects,witout Hust cause, to -eror8 is ocial #uty 8ay 7le anaction or #a8aes an# oter relie aainst te latter, witout-reHu#ice to any #isci-linary a#8inistrative action tat 8ay eta*en.

Article I reers to n#n0easan*e%not #oin o te-ulic servant or e8-loyee witout Hust cause is ocial#uty.

&o, asi#e ro8 te #a8aes, one can 7le eore te9ce o te 98u#s8an, #e-en#in on te -osition ote -erson.

!ow, lets o to *i$il a*!i#ns a"isin= 0"#' *"i'inal#)enses. 'is is ase# on te -rinci-le tat a -ersonwo is cri8inally liale is also civilly liale.

ARTICLE 2. en te accuse# in a cri8inal -rosecutionis ac>uitte# on te roun# tat is uilt as not een -rove#eyon# reasonale #out, a civil action or #a8aes or tesa8e act or o8ission 8ay e institute#. &uc action re>uiresonly a -re-on#erance o evi#ence. M-on 8otion o te#een#ant, te court 8ay re>uire te -lainti0 to 7le a on# toanswer or #a8aes in case te co8-laint soul# e oun# toe 8alicious.

/ in a cri8inal case te Hu#8ent o ac>uittal is ase#u-on reasonale #out, te court sall so #eclare. /n teasence o any #eclaration to tat e0ect, it 8ay e inerre#

ro8 te te?t o te #ecision weter or not te ac>uittal is#ue to tat roun#.

5ut Article is not ase# on an in#e-en#ent civilaction. Rater, te cri8inal case was #is8isse# ecausete uilt o te accuse# cannot e -rove# eyon#reasonale #out. An# tere was no awar# or #a8aes.'ereore, te co8-lainant or te o0en#e# -arty caninstitute a se-arate civil action or #a8aes wic willonly re>uire 8ere -re-on#erance o evi#ence. 5ut te#een#ant 8ay 8ove tat te -lainti0 sall 7le a on# toanswer or #a8aes i te court 7n#s tat te co8-laint isoun# to e 8alicious.

&o, ere tere was tis #ecision ut te ac>uittal isnot ase# on te act tat e #i# not co88it te cri8e ut

rater, is uilt cannot e -roven eyon# reasonale#out.Generally, un#er te rules, te civil action is #ee8e#

i8-lie#ly institute# wit te cri8inal -rocee#ins or tosecivil actions arisin ro8 te elonious act itsel.

'e e?ce-tions were no civil liaility sall arise arete ollowin:1. 'e acts ro8 wic te civil action is ase# #i# note?ist. 'e accuse# #i# not co88it te cri8e3. 'at no cri8e e?iste#

5ut -rescri-tion o te cri8inal action #oes not arte 7lin o civil action.

'e e?ce-tion to te rule tat te civil action is #ee8e#i8-lie#ly institute# in te cri8inal -rocee#in is wen:1. The co$/lainan or o:ended /ary ;les a se/arae civilacion or $a%es a reservaion

'e reservation is to e 8a#e at any ti8e eore te-rosecution starts to -resent its evi#ence an# a0or#in teco8-lainant sucient o--ortunity to 7le te civil action.

&u--ose te co8-lainant a# een inHure# an# as to eos-itali$e#. Ce is iven sucient o--ortunity to institute ase-arate civil action, even i te -rosecution as alrea#ystarte# to -resent its evi#ence.. uire reservation are watwe call as IN-EPEN-ENT CIIL ACTION.

ARTICLE 31. en te civil action is ase# on an oliationnot arisin ro8 te act or o8ission co8-laine# o as a elony,suc civil action 8ay -rocee# in#e-en#ently o te cri8inal-rocee#ins an# rear#less o te result o te latter.

Altou Article 31 is not e?actly an in#e-en#ent civilaction, it is only suc ecause te civil action is not ase# onte act or o8ission tat is co8-laine# o as a elony, ut ro8oter sources o oliations suc as law, contracts, >uasi=

contracts an# >uasi=#elicts not ase# on te act or o8issionco8-laine# o as a elony ut on so8e oter sources ooliations.

Bven i te cri8inal action is ase# on estaa, ut te civilaction is ase# on te reac o contract, te civil actionase# on te reac o contract can -rocee# in#e-en#ently ote estaa case ecause it is not ase# on te elonious actut on anoter source o oliation, wic is contract.

ARTICLE 32. Any -ulic ocer or e8-loyee, or any -rivatein#ivi#ual, wo #irectly or in#irectly ostructs, #eeats, violates orin any 8anner i8-e#es or i8-airs any o te ollowin rits an#lierties o anoter -erson sall e liale to te latter or #a8aes:(1) @ree#o8 o reliion() @ree#o8 o s-eec(3) @ree#o8 to write or te -ress or to 8aintain a -erio#ical

-ulication() @ree#o8 ro8 aritrary or illeal #etention(4) @ree#o8 o su0rae(6) 'e rit aainst #e-rivation o -ro-erty witout #ue -rocesso law(I) 'e rit to a Hust co8-ensation wen -rivate -ro-erty ista*en or -ulic use() 'e rit to te e>ual -rotection o te laws() 'e rit to e secure in ones -erson, ouse, -a-ers, an#e0ects aainst unreasonale searces an# sei$ures(12) 'e lierty o ao#e an# o canin te sa8e(11) 'e -rivacy o co88unication an# corres-on#ence(1) 'e rit to eco8e a 8e8er o associations or societies or

-ur-oses not contrary to law(13) 'e rit to ta*e -art in a -eaceale asse8ly to -etition te

Govern8ent or re#ress o rievances

(1) 'e rit to e ree ro8 involuntary servitu#e in any or8(14) 'e rit o te accuse# aainst e?cessive ail(16) 'e rit o te accuse# to e ear# y i8sel an#counsel, to e inor8e# o te nature an# cause o teaccusation aainst i8, to ave a s-ee#y an# -ulic trial,to 8eet te witnesses ace to ace, an# to aveco8-ulsory -rocess to secure te atten#ance o witness inis eal(1I) @ree#o8 ro8 ein co8-elle# to e a witness aainst onessel, or ro8 ein orce# to coness uilt, or ro8 einin#uce# y a -ro8ise o i88unity or rewar# to 8a*e succonession, e?ce-t wen te -erson conessin eco8es a&tate witness

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(1) @ree#o8 ro8 e?cessive 7nes, or cruel an# unusual-unis8ent, unless te sa8e is i8-ose# or inKicte# inaccor#ance wit a statute wic as not een

Hu#icially #eclare# unconstitutional an#(1) @ree#o8 o access to te courts.

/n any o te cases reerre# to in tis article, weter ornot te #een#ants act or o8ission constitutes a cri8inalo0ense, te arieve# -arty as a rit to co88ence anentirely se-arate an# #istinct civil action or #a8aes, an# or

oter relie. &uc civil action sall -rocee# in#e-en#ently oany cri8inal -rosecution (i te latter e institute#), an# 8aye -rove# y a -re-on#erance o evi#ence.

'e in#e8nity sall inclu#e 8oral #a8aes. B?e8-lary#a8aes 8ay also e a#Hu#icate#.

'e res-onsiility erein set ort is not #e8an#ale ro8a Hu#e unless is act or o8ission constitutes a violation ote Penal "o#e or oter -enal statute.

!ow, asi#e ro8 Article 31 is Article 3, on violationso ones civil lierty, weter #irect or in#irect, co88itte#y a -ulic ocer or e8-loyee or y a -rivate in#ivi#ual,suc as wat as een #eci#e# in te case o:

79P >AR7ENT $s. CA ep!. 2% 1:5/n tis case, te -rivate res-on#ent sai# tat ;/ cannot

e el# liale or #a8aes ecause it was te 8e8ers ote #eunct Pili--ine "onstaulary wo 8a#e te rai#.An# we were not te ones wo con7scate# te 5oy &coutPara-ernalia, ut te 8e8ers o te #eunct Pili--ine"onstaulary.uiliana actionale un#er Articles 1I6 an# 1IIo te "ivil "o#e.

Any arieve# -erson can invo*e tese articles -rovi#e# e-roves, y -re-on#erance o evi#ence, tat e as su0ere##a8ae ecause o te ault or nelience o anoter. Biter te-rivate co8-lainant or te accuse# can 7le a se-arate civil actionun#er tese articles. 'ere is notin in te law or rules tat stateonly te -rivate co8-lainant in a cri8inal case 8ay invo*e tesearticles.

&ince te -resent Rules o "ourt re>uire te accuse# in acri8inal action to 7le is counterclai8 in a se-arate civil action,tere can e no oru8=so--in i te accuse# 7les suc se-aratecivil action.

&ection 1, Rule 111 o te 14 Rules on "ri8inal Proce#ure,as a8en#e# in 1, allowe# te 7lin o a se-arate civil action

in#e-en#ently o te cri8inal action -rovi#e# te o0en#e# -artyreserve# te rit to 7le suc civil action. Mnless te o0en#e#-arty reserve# te civil action eore te -resentation o teevi#ence or te -rosecution, all civil actions arisin ro8 tesa8e act or o8ission were #ee8e# ;i8-lie#ly institute#< in tecri8inal case. 'ese civil actions reerre# to te recovery o civilliaility e9delico, te recovery o #a8aes or >uasi=#elict, an#te recovery o #a8aes or violation o Articles 3, 33 an# 3 ote "ivil "o#e on Cu8an Relations.

Mn#er &ection 1 o te -resent Rule 111, wat is ;#ee8e#institute#< wit te cri8inal action is only te action to recovercivil liaility arisin ro8 te cri8e or e9delico. All te oter civilactions un#er Articles 3, 33, 3 an# 1I6 o te "ivil "o#e are noloner ;#ee8e# institute#,< an# 8ay e 7le# se-arately an#-rosecute# in#e-en#ently even witout any reservation in tecri8inal action. 'e ailure to 8a*e a reservation in te cri8inalaction is not a waiver o te rit to 7le a se-arate an#in#e-en#ent civil action ase# on tese articles o te "ivil "o#e.

'e -rescri-tive -erio# on te civil actions ase# on tese articleso te "ivil "o#e continues to run even wit te 7lin o tecri8inal action. erily, te civil actions ase# on tese articles ote "ivil "o#e are se-arate, #istinct an# in#e-en#ent o te civilaction ;#ee8e# institute#< in te cri8inal action.

Mn#er te -resent Rule 111, te o0en#e# -arty is still ivente o-tion to 7le a se-arate civil action to recover civil liaility e?=#elicto y reservin suc rit in te cri8inal action eore te-rosecution -resents its evi#ence. Also, te o0en#e# -arty is#ee8e# to 8a*e suc reservation i e 7les a se-arate civil actioneore 7lin te cri8inal action. / te civil action to recover civilliaility e9delico is 7le# se-arately ut its trial as not yet

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co88ence#, te civil action 8ay e consoli#ate# wit tecri8inal action. 'e consoli#ation un#er tis Rule #oes nota--ly to se-arate civil actions arisin ro8 te sa8e act oro8ission 7le# un#er Articles 3, 33, 3 an# 1I6 o te "ivil"o#e.

A se-arate civil action, i reserve# in te cri8inal action,coul# not e 7le# until ater 7nal Hu#8ent was ren#ere# inte cri8inal action. / te se-arate civil action was 7le#eore te co88ence8ent o te cri8inal action, te civil

action, i still -en#in, was sus-en#e# u-on te 7lin o tecri8inal action until 7nal Hu#8ent was ren#ere# in tecri8inal action. 'is rule a--lie# only to te se-arate civilaction 7le# to recover liaility e9delico. 'e rule #i# nota--ly to in#e-en#ent civil actions ase# on Articles 3, 33, 3an# 1I6 o te "ivil "o#e, wic coul# -rocee#in#e-en#ently rear#less o te 7lin o te cri8inal action.

&ection 3 o te -resent Rule 111 e?-ressly allows te;o0en#e# -arty< to rin an in#e-en#ent civil action un#erArticles 3, 33, 3 an# 1I6 o te "ivil "o#e. As state# in&ection 3 o te -resent Rule 111, tis civil action sall-rocee# in#e-en#ently o te cri8inal action an# sall re>uireonly a -re-on#erance o evi#ence. /n no case, owever, 8ayte ;o0en#e# -arty recover #a8aes twice or te sa8e actor o8ission care# in te cri8inal action.uestions, wic 8ust e #eci#e#

eore any cri8inal -rosecution 8ay e institute# or 8ay -rocee#,sall e overne# y rules o court wic te &u-re8e "ourt sall-ro8ulate an# wic sall not e in conKict wit te -rovisions otis "o#e.

A p"eudi*ial ues!i#nis #e7ne# as one ase# on a act#istinct an# se-arate ro8 te cri8e ut so inti8atelyconnecte# wit it tat it #eter8ines te uilt or innocence ote accuse#, an# or it to sus-en# te cri8inal action, it 8usta--ear not only tat sai# case involves acts inti8ately relate#to tose u-on wic te cri8inal -rosecution woul# e ase#ut also tat in te resolution o te issue or issues raise# in

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te civil case, te uilt or innocence o te accuse# woul#e necessarily #eter8ine#.

'e ele8ents are:1. 'e civil action involves an issue si8ilar or inti8ately

relate# to te issue raise# in te cri8inal action. 'e resolution o suc issue #eter8ines weter ornot te cri8inal action 8ay -rocee#

en will you 7le a -etition or te sus-ension o tecri8inal -rocee#ins on te roun# o te e?istence o a-reHu#icial >uestionD

Eurin te -reli8inary investiation, you 7le it witte -rosecutor or 9ce o te "ity Prosecutor. 9r i tecase is alrea#y -en#in, eore te court were te caseis ein ear# eore te -rosecution rests its case.

Generally, te rit to 7le a -etition or tesus-ension o te cri8inal -rocee#in is rante# to teaccuse# ecause it is e wose rit to te constitutional-rovision on s-ee#y trial tat woul# e violate#. &o, tatis enerally rante# to te accuse#.

&o, ere te cri8inal -rocee#in is sus-en#e# unli*etat o a civil action ase# on te cri8inal case, were ite civil action is 7le# aea#, te civil action is sus-en#e#.

'e cri8inal case as to 8ove, -en#in te resolution ote cri8inal case eore te civil action can e ear#.

9ne o te cases were te court tat tere is a-reHu#icial >uestion is te case o:

TUAN-A $s. AN-I>ANBA/AN O*!. 14% 15'is involves te a--oint8ent o sectoral

re-resentatives in one o te towns o !eros 9riental.'e 8ayor oHecte# to te a--oint8ent o Bstrellanes an#5inaoan as sectoral re-resentatives ecause it #i# notoserve te re>uire8ent un#er 5P 33I (Local Govern8ent"o#e), were it was re>uire# tat eore a sectoralre-resentative can e a--ointe#, tere 8ust e 7rst are-resentation wit te sectors tat woul# e a0ecte# ysuc a--oint8ent. 'is was not co8-lie# wit. 'en &ec.Luis &antos 8erely a--ointe# te8 witout co8-lyinwit te re>uire8ent.

&o, %ayor 'uan#a 7le# a co8-laint eore teReional 'rial "ourt or te nulli7cation o te a--oint8ento 5inaoan an# Bstrellanes as sectoral re-resentativesecause o te non=oservance o te re>uire8ent un#er5P 33I.

%eanwile, 5inaoan an# Bstrellanes 7le# a co8-lainteore te &an#ianayan. Accor#in to te8, tere wastis allee# ailure on te -art o te 8ayor to -ay te8teir salaries, waes as well as teir -er #ie8s.

'uan#a 8ove# or te sus-ension o te cri8inal-rocee#ins eore te &an#ianayan on te roun# oe?istence o a -reHu#icial >uestion.

/s 'uan#a correctD

Accor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, all te ele8ents o a-reHu#icial >uestion are clearly an# un8ista*aly -resentin tis case. 'ere is no #out tat te acts an# issuesinvolve# in te civil action an# te cri8inal case areclosely relate#. 'e 7lin o te cri8inal case was-re8ise# on -etitioners allee# -artiality an# evi#ent a#ait in not -ayin -rivate res-on#ents salaries an# -er#ie8s as sectoral re-resentatives, wile te civil actionwas institute# -recisely to resolve weter or not te#esination o -rivate res-on#ents as sectoralre-resentatives were 8a#e in accor#ance wit law.

'e eneral rule is tat in or#er or a -reHu#icial>uestion to e?ist, one 8ust e cri8inal an# te oter civil.5ut tere are e?ce-tions.

/n te case o:DUIA7BAO $s. OORIO 7a"* 16% 1885

/n tis case, one is a#8inistrative an# te oter is civillaw.

ile accor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, te actionsinvolve# in te case at ar ein res-ectively civil an#a#8inistrative in caracter, it is ovious tat tecnically,tere is no -reHu#icial >uestion to s-ea* o.

B>ually a--arent, owever, is te inti8ate correlationetween sai# two -rocee#ins, ste88in ro8 te acttat te rit o -rivate res-on#ents to eHect -etitioner

ro8 te #is-ute# -ortion #e-en#s -ri8arily on te -en#ina#8inistrative case.

DUIA7BAO $s. OORIO 7a"* 16% 1885ACT@ Private res-on#ents 7le# a co8-laint or orcile entryaainst Nuia8ao allein tat tey were te leiti8ate-ossessors o a -arcel o lan# in %alaon, Ri$al e?ecute# in teiravor y te or8er Lan# 'enure A#8inistration. 'ey also allee#tat Nuia8ao surre-titiously an# y orce, inti8i#ation, stratey

an# stealt, entere# into a -ortion o te sai# lan#, -lace# a8oo-osts an# ean construction o a ouse tereon. 'ey conten#e#tat tese acts o Nuia8ao were unlawul -er se an# as suc,tey are entitle# to a writ o -reli8inary inHunction to teeHecti8ent o Nuia8ao ro8 te lot in >uestion.

Nuia8ao 7le# a 8otion to #is8iss te co8-laint an# u-on#enial tereo, 7le# is answer to te co8-laint, s-eci7cally#enyin te 8aterial alleations terein an# averrin tat teAree8ent u-on wic -rivate res-on#ents ase teir -rior-ossession over te >uestion lot a# alrea#y een cancelle# in anor#er sine# y Gov. Bstrella. Nuia8ao allee# tat te-en#ency o an a#8inistrative case eore te 9ce o te Lan#Autority etween te sa8e -arties an# involvin te sa8e -ieceo lan# is a roun# or #is8issin te civil case. /n tea#8inistrative case, Nuia8ao #is-ute -rivate res-on#ents rito -ossession over te -ro-erty in >uestion y reason o te

latters #eault in te install8ent -ay8ents or te -urcase osai# lot. Nuia8ao asserte# tat te a#8inistrative case was#eter8inative o -rivate res-on#ents rit to eHect -etitioner ro8te lot in >uestion an# ence, a -reHu#icial >uestion

IUE@ eter or not te a#8inistrative case constitutes a-reHu#icial >uestion wic woul# o-erate as a ar to sai#eHect8ent case

9EL-@ 'e #octrine o -reHu#icial >uestion co8es into -layenerally in a situation were civil an# cri8inal actions are-en#in an# te issues involve# in ot cases are si8ilar or soclosely relate# tat an issue 8ust e -re=e8-tively resolve# in tecivil case eore te cri8inal action can -rocee#. 'us, tee?istence o a -reHu#icial >uestion in a civil case is allee# in tecri8inal case to cause te sus-ension o te latter -en#in 7nal#eter8ination o te or8er.

'e actions involve# in te case at ar ein res-ectively civilan# a#8inistrative in caracter, it is ovious tat tecnically, tereis no -reHu#icial >uestion to s-ea* o. B>ually a--arent, owever,is te inti8ate correlation etween sai# -rocee#ins, ste88inro8 te act tat te rit o -rivate res-on#ents to eHectNuia8ao ro8 te #is-ute# -ortion #e-en#s -ri8arily on teresolution o te -en#in a#8inistrative case. @or wile it 8ay etrue tat -rivate res-on#ents a# -rior -ossession o te lot in>uestion, at te ti8e o te institution o te eHect8ent case, sucrit o -ossession a# een ter8inate#, or at te very least,sus-en#e# y te cancellation y te Lan# Autority o teAree8ent to &ell e?ecute# in teir avor. eter or not -rivateres-on#ents can continue to e?ercise teir rit o -ossession isut a necessary, loical conse>uence o te issue involve# in te-en#in a#8inistrative case assailin te vali#ity o tecancellation o te Aree8ent to &ell an# te suse>uent awar# o

te #is-ute# -ortion to -etitioner. / te cancellation o teAree8ent to &ell an# te suse>uent awar# to -etitioner arevoi#e#, ten -rivate res-on#ents woul# ave every rit to eHectNuia8ao ro8 te #is-ute# area. 9terwise, -rivate res-on#entslit o -ossession is lost an# so woul# teir rit to eHect-etitioner ro8 sai# -ortion.

Anoter >uestion, were ot cases are civil in nature, inte case o:

CIT/ O PAI> $s. CO7ELEC ep!. 1?% 15ACT@ 'e resi#ents o aranalan illae -etitione# tat teye sereate# ro8 its 8oter 5aranays %anaan an# EelaPa$, "ity o Pasi, an# to e converte# an# se-arate# into a#istinct aranay. 'e "ity o Pasi -asse# an# a--rove# anor#inance creatin 5aranay aranalan in Pasi "ity. A -leisciteon te creation o sai# aranay was ten set.

'ereater, te "ity o Pasi issue# an or#inance creatin5aranay !a-ico in Pasi "ity. A -leiscite was also set.

M-on learnin o suc or#inances, te %unici-ality o "ainta8ove# to sus-en# or cancel te -leiscites sce#ule# an# 7le#-etitions wit te "9%BLB". 'e %unici-ality o "ainta calle#calle# te attention o "9%BLB" to a -en#in case eore te R'"o Anti-olo, Ri$al or settle8ent o oun#ary #is-ute, werein te-ro-ose# aranays involve areas wic are inclu#e# in teoun#ary #is-ute suHect o sai# -en#in case.

IUE@ eter or not te -leiscite# sce#ule# or te creationo 5aranays aranalan an# !a-ico soul# e sus-en#e# or

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cancelle# in view o te -en#in oun#ary #is-ute etweente two local overn8ents

9EL-@ 'e civil case involvin te oun#ary #is-ute etweente %unici-ality o "ainta an# te "ity o Pasi -resents a-reHu#icial >uestion wic 8ust 7rst e #eci#e# eore-leiscites or te creation o te -ro-ose# aranays 8ay eel#.

'e "ity o Pasi arues tat tere is no -reHu#icial

>uestion since te sa8e conte8-lates a civil an# cri8inalaction an# #oes not co8e into -lay were ot cases are civil,as in te instant case. ile tis 8ay e te eneral rule, tis"ourt as el# in Vidad v. RT8 o& Negros 1rienal, Br. =2,iIQ

tat, te court can very well sus-en# action on one case-en#in te 7nal outco8e o anoter case closely interrelate#or lin*e# to te 7rst.

eter te areas in controversy sall e #eci#e# aswitin te territorial Huris#iction o te %unici-ality o "aintaor te "ity o Pasi as 8aterial earin to te creation o te-ro-ose# 5aranays aranalan an# !a-ico. /n#ee#, are>uisite or te creation o a aranay is or its territorial

Huris#iction to e -ro-erly i#enti7e# y 8etes an# oun#s ory 8ore or less -er8anent natural oun#aries. Preciselyecause territorial Huris#iction is an issue raise# in te-en#in civil case, until an# unless suc issue is resolve# wit

7nality, to #e7ne te territorial Huris#iction o te -ro-ose#aranays woul# only e an e?ercise in utility.'e -leiscite on te creation o 5aranay aranalan

soul# e el# in aeyance -en#in 7nal resolution o teoun#ary #is-ute etween te "ity o Pasi an# te%unici-ality o "ainta y te Reional 'rial "ourt o Anti-olo"ity.

/n te case o:U7ALI $s. IAC June 21% 1?5

'ere is no -reHu#icial >uestion wic ste8s ro8 acontract o sale were te uyer -ai# its -urcase -rice ininstall8ent an# issue# several -ost=#ate# cec*s.

en te secon# cec* was -resente# or -ay8ent, itwas #isonore# y te an*. Ees-ite #e8an#, no-ay8ent was 8a#e.

An# so, te seller 7le# a cri8inal case or violation o5P . 'e uyer 8ove# or te sus-ension o tecri8inal action on te roun# o te e?istence o-reHu#icial >uestion ecause accor#in to i8, e 7le# anaction or te annul8ent o te #ee# o sale as tere wasrau# on te -art o te seller wen e was not tol# tatte -ro-erty was occu-ie# y s>uatters.

/s tere a -reHu#icial >uestionDAccor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, tere is no

-reHu#icial >uestion. Bven i te civil case were to e7nally a#Hu#e# to te e0ect tat te #ee# o sale soul#e annulle#, suc #eclaration woul# e o no 8ateriali8-ortance in te #eter8ination o te uilt or innocenceo te accuse# in te cri8inal case o te latter involvin5P . 5P is a s-ecial law.

!ow, let us o to newer cases.

P9ILIPPINE A>ILA ATELLITE% INC. PAI5 $s.LIC9AUCO

PA&/, trou te con7r8ation o ten E9'" &ecretaryLa#a8eo, was awar#e# orital slots. en it receive#con7r8ation tat tey were awar#e# two orital slots,tey un#ertoo* -re-arations or te launcin, o-erationan# 8anae8ent o te satellites. /n or#er or tat to ereali$e#, tey inten#e# to otain loans ro8 several an*s.

9ne o tose an*s was Lan# 5an* o te Pili--ines.'e Presi#ent o PA&/ wrote te Lan# 5an* Presi#ent o tea--roval an# attace# wit it is te letter o con7r8ationy &ecretary La#a8eo.

at La-u$, te -resi#ent o Lan# 5an*, #i# was toorwar# te letter o Ee Gu$8an, te -resi#ent o PA&/, toE9'" Mn#ersecretary Jose7na Licauco.

Licauco #enie# tat PA&/ was awar#e# orital slots.Accor#in to er, PA&/ was only awar#e# 1 orital slot.'is is or te -ur-ose o o-eratin as a satellite. An#suse>uent to tat 8a*e an o0er or oter i##ers witres-ect to te re8ainin orital slots, inclu#in tat oneorital slot wic was su--ose#ly awar#e# to PA&/.Accor#in to er, isa lan 8an an iniay sa PA&/. 'eoter orital slot was not. &e inclu#e# tat orital slot ori##in an# was awar#e# to an un*nown i##er.

en PA&/ learne# o tat awar#, PA&/ 7le# an actioneore te court or te annul8ent o te awar# -lus #a8aes.&use>uently, PA&/ 7le#, trou its -resi#ent, 7le# a cri8inalco8-laint eore te &an#ianayan aainst Licauco.

'e 9ce o te 98u#s8an, wo con#ucte# te-reli8inary investiation, oun# out tat tere was a-reHu#icial >uestion an# #is8isse# te co8-laint tat was 7le#eore te &an#ianayan ecause o tat e?istence o-reHu#icial >uestion.

as it -ro-er or te &an#ianayan to #is8iss tecri8inal co8-laintD

"itin >a/ vs. 3aras, wic is a General &antos case, itsoul# not ave een #is8isse# ut only sus-en#e#. /t canonly e 8a#e only u-on -etition, an# not u-on te instance ote Hu#e alone or as in tis case, te investiatin ocer.

/n sort, accor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, i tere is a-reHu#icial >uestion, ten, tere is a -ri8a acie case. An#tereore, it soul# not e or te investiatin ocer to#is8iss it an# even to sus-en# it ecause te sus-ension 8ustco8e ro8 te accuse#, not ro8 te Hu#e or teinvestiatin ocer, as #eci#e# in te case o >a/ vs. 3aras.

'ere is tis case o :O7ICTIN $s. CA Jan. 22% 2??45

98ictin was a--ointe# as 9-erations %anaer A# /nteri8o &aa Pils., /nc. Ce accuse# Laos or estaa, or is reusal#es-ite #e8an# to return co8-any veicles tat wereentruste# to Laos wen e was still Presi#ent o &aa Pils.,/nc.

Laos, on te oter an#, 8ove# or te sus-ension o tecri8inal -rocee#ins on te roun# tat e 7le# eore te&ecurities an# B?cane "o88ission >uestionin tea--oint8ent o 98ictin as 9-erations %anaer A# /nteri8 o&aa Pils as well as 'an as Presi#ent A# /nteri8 o &aa Pils.

Accor#in to Laos, tere was tis aree8ent etween&aa Pils. an# &aa &ina-ore, te 8aHor stoc*ol#er o &aaPils, tat in te event tat tere will e intra=cor-orate#is-utes, an# one o te8 soul# resin, te sares o tosewo resine# soul# 7rst e o0ere# to te #irectors or#irectors still ol#in suc -ositions. 5ut tis was notollowe#. /nstea#, &aa Pils a--ointe# 98ictin an# 'an.Laos resine# an# e #i# not return te co8-any veicles.'at was te reason wy tere was tat estaa case 7le#.

Deailed "oo% a he ?acs o& he 8ase

Eue to intra=cor-orate #is-utes, Gan an# 'ian, 8e8ers ote 5oar# o Eirectors o, resine# an# #iveste# teir sares in&aa "or-oration (5#), terey resultin in a cane in tecontrollin interest in &aa (&ina-ore). 5arely 3 8ontstereater, Laos resine# is -ost as -resi#ent o &aa Pils., /nc.wile still retainin is -osition as a #irector o te co8-any.Accor#in to Laos, te Hoint venture aree8ent (JA) etweeni8 or &aa Pils., /nc. an# &aa (&) Pte. Lt#. -rovi#e# tat soul#te controllin interest in te latter co8-any, or its -arentco8-any &aa "or-. (5#), e ac>uire# y any oter -erson or

entity witout is -rior consent, e as te o-tion eiter to re>uirete oter stoc*ol#ers to -urcase is sares or to ter8inate teJA an# #issolve &aa Pils., /nc. altoeter. 'us, -ursuant to tis-rovision, since Laos #i# not ive is consent as rear#s tetranser o sares 8a#e y Gan an# 'ian, e 8a#e severalre>uests to !icolas !, wo re-lace# Gan as #irector, an# Janier

Feo, B?ecutive Eirector o &aa (&) Pte. Lt#., to call or a oar#8eetin in or#er to #iscuss te ollowin: a) i8-le8entation o teoar# resolution #eclarin #ivi#en#s ) ac>uisition o -rivateres-on#ents sares y &aa (&) Pte. Lt#. c) #issolution o &aaPils., /nc. an# #) te ter8ination o te JA.

! an# Feo aile# to a--ear, owever, in te sce#ule# oar#8eetins. /nstea#, tey issue# a letter a--ointin 'an as Presi#entA# /nteri8 o &aa Pils., /nc. 'an, in turn, a--ointe# 98ictin aste co8-anys 9-erations %anaer A# /nteri8.

"itin as a reason te asence o a oar# resolutionautori$in te continue# o-erations o &aa Pils., /nc., Laosretaine# is -ossession o te oce e>ui-8ent o te co8-any ina 7#uciary ca-acity as #irector o te cor-oration -en#in its#issolution an#Oor te resolution o te intra=cor-orate #is-ute. Celi*ewise cane# te loc*s o te oces o te co8-any allee#lyto -revent 'an an# 98ictin ro8 sei$in co8-any -ro-erty.

/s tere a -reHu#icial >uestionDAccor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, ulti8ately, te resolution

o te issues raise# in te intra=cor-orate #is-ute will#eter8ine te uilt or innocence o Laos in te cri8e oestaa.

1#

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Loically, un#er te circu8stances, since te allee#o0en#e# -arty is &aa Pils., /nc., te vali#ity o te#e8an# or te #elivery o te suHect veicles rests u-onte autority o te -erson 8a*in suc a #e8an# on teco8-anys eal. /n as 8uc as Laos is callenin98ictins autority, ten, it 8ust 7rst e resolve#.

/ in#ee# tere was no roun# or te a--oint8ent o98ictin, ten, tere can e no cri8inal case o estaa.

/n te case o:7A>ETRA-O $s. PEOPLE Jul< 1?% 2??45

%aestra#o otaine# a loan ro8 LiroHo, secure# y areal estate 8ortae. 'e title to te -ro-erty wassurren#ere# y %aestra#o to LiroHo.

5ut ater tat, %aestra#o, Hust li*e in te case o?rias vs. !ison, e?ecute# an a#avit o loss o te title ote -ro-erty wen in trut an# in act, te title was in te-ossession o LiroHo.

en LiroHo learne# o tat a#avit, e 7le# a caseaainst %aestra#o. %aestra#o 8ove# or tesus-ension o te cri8inal -rocee#ins ase# on a-reHu#icial >uestion. Accor#in to i8, te civil action orte cancellation o te 8ortae 8ust 7rst e resolve#eore te cri8inal case can -rocee#.

/s e correctDAccor#in to te &u-re8e "ourt, a -erusal o te

alleations o te civil cases is -rinci-ally or te#eter8ination o weter a loan was otaine# y-etitioner LiroHo an# weter %aestra#o e?ecute# a realestate 8ortae involvin te -ro-erty.

9n te oter an#, te cri8inal case involves te#eter8ination o weter te -etitioner co88itte# -erHuryin e?ecutin an a#avit to su--ort is re>uest orissuance o a new owners #u-licate co-y o te title.

/t is evi#ent tat te civil cases an# te cri8inal casecan -rocee# in#e-en#ently o eac oter. Rear#less ote outco8e o te civil cases, it will not estalis teinnocence or te uilt o te -etitioner in te cri8inal caseor -erHury. 'e -urcase y %aestra#o o te lan# or ise?ecution o a real estate 8ortae will ave no earinwatsoever on weter -etitioner *nowinly an#rau#ulently e?ecute# a alse a#avit o loss.

ARTICLE 34. Juri#ical ca-acity, wic is te 7tness to ete suHect o leal relations, is inerent in every natural-erson an# is lost only trou #eat. "a-acity to act,

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