1
PiXLIndependence:Physics–StudentBooklet
KS5
Topic-Measurementsandpracticalskills
Contents:
I. Level1-MultipleChoiceQuiz–20credits
II. Level2-5questions,5sentences,5words–10creditseach
III. Level3-PhysicsinTheNews–100credits
IV. Level4-ScientificPodcast–100credits
V. Level5-Videosummaries–50creditseach
2
PiXLIndependence–Level1MultipleChoiceQuestions
ALevelPhysics–Measurementsandpracticalskills
1. Whichofthefollowingisnotabasequantity?a. Forceb. Lengthc. Quantityofmatterd. Temperature
2. Whichunitscanbeshownbydimensionalanalysistobeequivalentto1Newton?
a. kgms-1b. kgm2s-2c. kgms-2d. kgms2
3. Whichprefixcorrespondstothesmallestpoweroften?
a. microb. nanoc. picod. femto
4. HowmanyJoulesaretherein5kWh?
a. 1.8x107Jb. 5.0x107Jc. 3.6x106Jd. 1.8x106J
5. Whichvalueisthesameas650nm?
a. 6.5x10-9mb. 6.5x10-7mc. 65x108md. 65x109m
6. Whichtermcanbeusedtodescribeaprecisemeasurement?a. Repeatableb. Accuratec. Reproducibled. Valid
3
7. Whatistheresolutionofastandardmetrerule?
a. 1cmb. 1mc. 1mmd. 1μm
8. Inaninvestigationintohowthetimeperiodsquaredvariedwithlengthofa
pendulumtherelationshipwassaidtofollowT2=4π2(l/g).
IfT2wasplottedontheyaxisandlength,lonthexaxis,whatisthegradientofthestraightline?
a. 4π2b. gc. 4π2/gd. 4π2(l/g)
9. Ifavoltmeterreads3.72Vwhatistheabsoluteuncertainty?
a. 0.01b. 0.001c. 0.05d. 0.005
10. Whatisthepercentageuncertaintyinthefollowingresultscollected?
1 2 3 avg
1.21 1.24 1.26
a. 4.0%b. 2.0%c. 0.5%d. 1.0%
11. Theresistanceofametalwirewasfoundbymeasuringthepotentialdifference,V
andcurrent,I.
HowwouldtheuncertaintyinRbefoundusingtheseresults?
a. AbsoluteuncertaintyinV÷absoluteuncertaintyinIb. AbsoluteuncertaintyinVxabsoluteuncertaintyinIc. AbsoluteuncertaintyinV+absoluteuncertaintyinId. AbsoluteuncertaintyinV-absoluteuncertaintyinI
4
12. Theradiusofacircleisgivenas6.0+0.1cm.
Whatisthepercentageuncertaintyintheareaofthecircle?
a. 1.6%b. 0.016%c. 3.3%d. 0.033%
13. Whatistheprecisionofamicrometer?
a. 0.1mmb. 0.01mmc. 0.001mmd. 0.0001mm
14. Whatisthereadingonthemicrometer?
a. 11.03mmb. 11.97mmc. 11.42mmd. 11.43mm
15. WhatistheprecisiononaVerniercalliper?
a. 0.01mmb. 0.001mmc. 0.1cmd. 0.01cm
5
16. WhatisthereadingontheconventionalVerniercalliper?
a. 7.70mmb. 6.67mmc. 7.70cmd. 6.67cm
17. Aballtakes10.0s+2%torolldowntheslope.
Whatistheabsoluteuncertaintyinthismeasurement?
a. 20sb. 2.0sc. 0.2sd. 0.02s
18. Acartravels522min37seconds.Calculatethecar’saveragespeed,givingyour
answertoanappropriatenumberofsignificantfigures.a. 14.11ms-1b. 14.1ms-1c. 14.0ms-1d. 14ms-1
19. ThemassoftheMoonis7.3x1016Gg.
Whatisthisinkg?
a. 7.3x1013kgb. 7.3x1019kgc. 7.3x1022kgd. 7.3x1028kg
20. Thecross-sectionalareaofawireis0.0079cm2.Convertthisintoanareainmm2
a. 0.0079mm2b. 0.079mm2c. 0.79mm2d. 7.9mm2
6
PiXLIndependence–Level25questions,5sentences,5words
ALevelPhysics–Measurementsandpracticalskills
INSTRUCTIONS
• Foreachstatement,useeitherthesuggestedwebsiteoryourowntextbooktowritea5-pointsummary.Inexaminations,answersfrequentlyrequiremorethan1keywordforthemark,soaimtoincludeafewkeywords.
• Itisimportanttostickto5sentences.Itistheprocessofselectingthemostrelevantinformationandsummarizingit,thatwillhelpyourememberit.
• Writeconciselyanddonotelaborateunnecessarily,itishardertorememberandrevisefactsfromabiglongparagraph.
• Finally,identify5keywordsthatyoumayhavedifficultyrememberingandincludeabriefdefinition.Youmightliketoincludeaclipartstylepicturetohelpyourememberit.
Example:Baseandderivedunits
QUESTION: Whatarethe7basequantitiesandtheirunitsandhowareallotherunitsderivedfromthese?
Sources:
Website1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=remFanZq3x02. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNQAMAs4Q9I3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb8cxC4lOy8&t=4s
1. Length,mass,time,electriccurrent,temperature,amountofsubstanceandluminousintensity2. Metres(m),kilogram(kg),second(s),Amperes(A),Kelvin(K),mole(mol)andCandela(Cd)3. Forthederivedquantitythatyouareinterestedin,considertheformulathatyourequiretocalculate
itsvalue.Forexample,speed=distance÷time4. Expresstheformulaspeed=distance÷timeintermsoftheunits,thereforemetres(m)÷seconds(s),
thederivedunitisthereforems-1.5. Somederivedunitshavetheirownnames.Forexample,kineticenergyEk=½mv2(½isunitless)and
thereforetheunitforenergyiskgm2s-2whichisequivalenttothejoule(J).Anotherexampleisthenewton(N)whichisderivedfromtheformulaF=maandequivalenttokgms-2.
SI–SystèmeInternationaleisaseriesofagreedstandardquantitiesandtheirunits
Basequantity–the7physicalquantitiesthatallotherquantitiescanbederivedfrom
Mole–Amoleistheamountofasubstancecontainingthesamenumberofatomsormoleculesasthereareatomsinexactly12gramsofcarbon-12
Electriccurrent–theflowofchargemeasuredinamperes(A)
1metre-thelengthofthepathtravelledbylightinvacuumduringatimeintervalof1/299792458ofasecond
7
QUESTION1: Whataretheunitprefixesandhowdoyouconvertbetweenthem?
Sources:
Website1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fKBhvDjuy02. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4tA6Nt_iig3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4tA6Nt_iig
8
QUESTION2: Whatareorderofmagnitudeestimationsandwhyaretheyuseful?
Sources:
Website1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YzvupOX8Is&t=181s2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gze6fdakGhs3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDzU536zXtg&t=1s
9
QUESTION3: HowcanweuseVerniercalipersandamicrometerscrewgaugetomakeprecisemeasurementsoflength?
Sources:
Website–1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkPlzmalvN42. http://www.stefanelli.eng.br/en/virtual-vernier-caliper-simulator-05-millimeter/3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StBc56ZifMs
10
QUESTION4: Howisabsolute,fractionalandpercentageuncertaintyfound?
Sources:
Website–1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJg8rb5n5a82. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dTn2pt5PuA3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNRp92jIq9s
11
QUESTION5: Howdoyouplotagraph,findthegradientandyinterceptandfindtheuncertaintyinthelineofbestfit?
Sources:
Website1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luz27XsnLz42. http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/general_pages/plottinggraph.htm3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_qxohScVbk
12
PiXLIndependence–Level3PhysicsinTheNews
ALevelPhysics–Measurementsandpracticalskills
FakenewsSensationalisednewsstorieshavebeenaroundforsometime,butwiththemassgrowthofsocialmedia,theproblemseemstohavegrowninrecentyears.Attheveryleast,theUSPresidentialelectionhascertainlyhighlightedtheimpactthatmisleadinginformationcanhave.www.tiny.cc/fakenews2Athome,theBrexitvotealsosufferedfromthecirculationofmisleadingnewsstorieswww.tiny.cc/fakenews3Therefore,theabilitytoidentifyrealinformation,trackitbacktothesourcearticleandmakeyourownjudgementisaveryimportantskill.Thisactivitywillhelpyoudevelopthatskill.
ScientistsatCERNbreakthespeedoflightNewsarticlehttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/8782895/CERN-scientists-break-the-speed-of-light.htmlDiscussionarticlehttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9100009/Scientists-did-not-break-speed-of-light-it-was-a-faulty-wire.htmlRealarticlehttps://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/28/theory-challenging-einsteins-view-on-speed-of-light-could-soon-be-tested
Task1:Youneedtoproducea1pageessayon‘Whywasnewsofthespeedoflightbeingbrokensoastoundingandwhatwasresponsibleforthemiscalculation?’
Essaysection Activity
Introduction Whatledscientiststobelievetheyhadbrokentheuniversalspeedlimit?
Describe WhyistheuniversalspeedlimitofgreatimportancetothefundamentallawsofPhysics?
Explore Whatwasresponsibleforthemiscalculationandhowsmallwastheerror?
Evaluate Whatmeasureswillscientiststakeinthefuturetopreventfurthererrors?
13
Theoryofgeneralrelativityproven100yearsafterEinstein’spredictionNewsarticlehttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/gravitaional-waves-albert-einstein-general-theory-of-relativity-a6867876.htmlDiscussionarticlehttps://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.htmlRealarticlehttps://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20160211
Task2:Youneedtoproducea1pageessayontheexistenceofgravitationalwavesandhowaretheyproofofEinstein’stheoryofgeneralrelativity
Essaysection Activity
Introduction WhatisEinstein’stheoryofgeneralrelativity?
Describe Whataregravitationalwavesandhowaretheydetected?
Explore Whatcosmologicaleventshavethewavesbeenusedtodetect?
EvaluateNowthatevidenceoftheexistenceofpairsofblackholeshasbeenobtained,whatarescientist’ssuggestingisresponsiblefortheirexistence?
14
PiXLIndependence–Level4ScientificPodcast
ALevelPhysics–Measurementsandpracticalskills
INSTRUCTIONS
ScientificPodcastsThereareseveraltypesofevidenceyouwillbeaskedtoproduceatuniversity.Inadditiontothetraditionalessayandscientificposter,theuseofPodcastsisbecomingincreasinglycommon.Itisactuallyharderthanyouthinktoproduceashortconcise,detailedandaccuratepodcast,thereforethistaskwillhelpyougetaheadofthegamewhenyougettouniversity.CreatingyourPodcastTherearelotsofpiecesofsoftwaretocreatepodcastsandeditthem,however,theeasiestwouldbethevoicerecorderonyourphone,justcheckthatitrunsforlongenoughandyoucansaveitinasuitableformat,e.g.MP3beforeyoucompleteyourmasterpieceandfindyouneedtodoitagain!Alternatively,getsetupwithAudacitywhichisfreeandwillhelpyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithit.TheUniversityofSouthamptonhasproducedsomeexcellentguidanceoncreatingPodcasts,whichyoucanaccessatwww.tiny.cc/podcasts3andselecttheproducingacademicpodcastslink.Herearethreeofthekeytips:
1. Writeoutyourobjectiveandshareitatthestartofthepodcast.2. Giveitstructurelikeyouwouldinanessay3. Whilstitisimportanttoplanastructure,sometimesitishardertolistentosomeone
whoisreadingthansomeonewhoismorenaturallytalking,therefore,trytohaveanoutlineandallowsomenaturalspeech.
4. Thinkabouttherecording,pickaquietroomandspeakabitlouderthannormal.Doafewtrialrunsandcheckthequality.
ExamplesThenakedscientistsproduceaseriesofpodcasts(andisalsoareallyusefulwebsite).Checkoutanexampleaboutawhyrainbowsarecurvedhttps://tinyurl.com/ybnqa9kc
15
Whatisthedifferencebetweenaccuracyandprecision?BackgroundThetermsaccuracyandprecisionareveryoftenconfused.Thisconfusioncanleadtolossofmarksinexaminationsandageneralconfusionwhenpeoplearereadingaboutscienceinthemedia.
Sourcearticles:https://sciencenotes.org/what-is-the-difference-between-accuracy-and-precision/https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-s-the-difference-between-accuracy-and-precision-matt-anticoleTaskReadthearticlesonthedifferencebetweenaccuracyandprecisionthenproduceapodcastusingtheguidancebelow
ExplainExplainthemeaningsofthetermsaccuracyandprecisionandgiveexamplesofwherethesetermswouldbeusedcorrectly.
DescribeDescribethedifferencebetweenthetermsaccuracyandprecisionanduseananalogytohelptheaudienceunderstand.
DiscussGiveexamplesofwherethetermshavebeenusedincorrectlyandexplainhowtheexamplescouldbecorrected.
16
PiXLIndependence–Level5Videosummaries
A-levelPhysics–Measurementsandpracticalskills
CornellNotesAtAlevelandUniversity,youwillmakelargeamountsofnotes,butthosenotesareonlyofuseifyourecordtheminasensibleway.OnesystemforrecordingnotesisknownastheCornellnotessystem.Thismethodencouragesyoutoselectrelevantinformation,ratherthantryingtowriteatranscriptofeverythingsaid.Moreimportantly,itforcesyoutospendafewminutesreviewingwhatyouhavewritten,whichhasbeenscientificallyproventoaidlearningandmemoryretention.Theidealistowriteeverythingononepage,butsomestudentsmayprefertotypeandotherswilltohandwritetheirnotes.Whicheveroptionyouuse,remembertheaimistosummariseandcondensethecontentwithafocusontheobjectivesthatyouaretryingtolearnandunderstand.TherearethreemainsectionstotheCornellnotes
1 Cue/Objectives–Thiscanbedonebeforeorafterthelecture.Youmayhavebeenprovidedwiththeobjectivesoryoumayneedtodecidewhattheywereoryoumaywanttomakethelinktoyourlearningifthisisanadditionaltaskorlectureyouareviewing,suchasthisvideo.
2 Notes–Inthisspaceyourecordconcisely,simplythethingsyouareLESSlikelyremember-TheNEWknowledge.
3 Summary–Themostimportantstepthatiscarriedoutafterthelectureorvideo.Thishelpstoreinforcelearning.
Background
Thefollowingshortvideoclipspresenttwotopicsthatlinktoyourlearning.Thefirstisonerrorsanduncertaintyandhowtocalculateandcombineuncertainties.Thesecondvideoisontheuseofsignificantfigures.
TakecareintheAQAspecificationtheabsoluteuncertaintyishalfofthesmallestincrementinthemeasuringdevice.Video1suggestsitisitisthesmallestincrementofthemeasuringdevice.
Sourcearticle:Video1-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T78cXi-72EgVideo2-http://www.bozemanscience.com/significant-digits
17
Task:YouneedtoproduceasetofCornellnotesforthevideosgivenabove.Usethefollowingobjectivetoguideyournotetaking,thislinkstoyourlearning.
18
Objectiv
es:Find
ingtheabsoluteand
percentageun
certaintiesw
henreadingfrom
am
easurin
gde
viceoru
singsig
nificantfigures
Title:FindingtheabsoluteandpercentageuncertaintieswhenreadingfromameasuringdeviceorusingsignificantfiguresDate:
Summary:
19
CommissionedbyThePiXLClubLtd.
ThisresourceisstrictlyfortheuseofmemberschoolsforaslongastheyremainmembersofThePiXLClub.Itmaynotbecopied,sold,ortransferredtoathirdpartyorusedbytheschoolaftermembershipceases.Untilsuchtimeitmaybefreelyusedwithinthememberschool.Allopinionsandcontributionsarethoseoftheauthors.Thecontentsofthisresourcearenotconnectedwith,orendorsedby,anyothercompany,organisationorinstitution.PiXLClubLtdendeavourtotraceandcontactcopyrightowners.Ifthereareanyinadvertentomissionsorerrorsintheacknowledgementsorusage,thisisunintendedandPiXLwillremedytheseonwrittennotification.