Date post: | 17-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | trevor-boone |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 0 times |
1
Prostate Cancer
2
Prostate Gland• Muscular• Walnut-sized gland• Makes seminal fluid• Muscles contract to push semen
through the urethra• Located directly beneath the
bladder and in front of the rectum
3
4
Prostate Cancer• Most common cancer in American
men• Grows very slowly• More common in African American
men & men with family history
5
Statistics• About one man in 6 will be
diagnosed
• Only one man in 34 will die
• About 80% of men who reach 80 have prostate cancer
6
Outlook• Nearly 100% survive 5 years
• 93% survive at least 10 years
• 67% survive longer than 15 years
7
BPH• Enlargement which is not cancer
• 50% of men between 51 and 60
• 90% of men older than 80
8
Prostatitis• Inflammation of the prostate
• Can be caused by bacterial infection
• Men of all ages
9
Prostate Cancer• In early stages, may not cause any
symptoms
• As it progresses, symptoms appear
10
Risk Factors• Age
• Family history– Father or brother with it more than
doubles the risk– Risk even higher if multiple family
members affected
11
Risk Factors• Race
– Occurs about 60% more often in African American men than in white American men
– Cancer is more likely to be advanced• Diet
– High dietary fat may contribute
12
Prevention• Cannot prevent, but may be able
to lower risk• Diet
– Low-fat diet– Antioxidants especially lycopenes
• Vitamin supplements– Vitamin E– Selenium
13
Screening Guidelines• Annual digital rectal exam
beginning at age 45
• PSA testing beginning at age 50
• Both of these tests beginning at age 40 for African American men & those with family history
14
Digital Rectal Exam• Goal: detect cancer early when
treatment is most successful
• Done during standard physical exam
• Feels for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas
15
16
PSA Blood Test• PSA is produced by prostate gland
• PSA level under 4 ng/ml
• Trend is important
• Early prostate cancer found by PSA
17
Elevated PSA• Prostate cancer• Prostatitis• BPH• Other factors
– Age– Medications
18
Staging• Find out size and location of cancer
– And whether it has metastasized (spread)
• ABCD is simplest method• T = tumor• N = nodes (lymph nodes)• M = metastasis
19
Grading• Grade refers to the cancer’s
appearance and indicates how quickly a cancer is growing
• Gleason score assigns a grade (1 to 5) based on how the cancer cells look compared to normal
20
Gleason Score• The higher the number, the more
likely the cancer will grow and spread (number is between 2 & 10)
• Less than 6 indicates a less aggressive cancer
• Grade of 7 and up – more aggressive
21
Specialists• Urologist• Radiation oncologist• Medical oncologist• Oncology nurses• Dietitians• Physical & occupational therapists• Psychologists or counselors
22
23
Side Effects of Surgery• Impotence
– Unable to achieve an erection
• Incontinence– Stress incontinence: leaking of urine
while coughing, sneezing, laughing
24
Radiation Therapy• External radiation
– Machine is outside the body
• Internal radiation– Brachytherapy– Radioactive implants placed directly
into tumor
25
New Procedure• Focal cryosurgery
– Focused freezing of only the portion affected with cancer
• “Male lumpectomy”
• Cancer needs to be confined to one prostate lobe