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1
R&D Directions of Super-speed Maglev Systems for Positive Public
Acceptance
Hyung Suk Han
Head, Department of Magnetic Levitation and Linear Drive KIMM (Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials)
Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2010. 10. 29
Outline• Motives• Objectives• Survey of Pros and Cons• R&D Directions• Korea’s Maglev Program -Urban -Super-speed• Conclusions
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Promising Super-speed Magnetic TrainMotives
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Context of tracked transport in the 1960s-1970s• road traffic continues to display rapid growth tendencies• limited capacity of air transport• technical and economic limits imposed on the further development of railway
technology These circumstances signaled the beginning of the development of a
new super-speed system for medium and long distances, to adapt to increasing transport demand
super-speed maglev system opened up new possibilities for tracked transport
• reduction of door-to-door journey time• profitability• harmonization with the environment• comfort
Positive Attitude and CooperationMotives
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Owing to its potential, the concept of super-speed magnetic train development was accepted by numerous key planners, including industrialists, scientists, and railway operators, as well as the government
In Germany, thanks to its positive acceptance, Transrapid was developed in a short period of time, achieving speeds of 412.6 km/h in 1988
In Japan also, the MLU and MLX were built approximately 30 years ago Fortunately, many key decision-makers were positive and cooperative at
the beginning of our R&D into super-speed maglev trains
Railway Systems DevelopmentMotives
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Jointless tracks were introduced, which could enable conventional trains to run at speeds of nearly 400 km/h
The speed difference between wheel-on-rail trains and super-speed magnetic levitation trains reduced, even though the latter still has several advantages over the former
As well, the deployment of super-speed magnetic trains was postponed or cancelled for various reasons
Consequently, at the present time, there are some who are not in favor of super-speed magnetic train R&D activities
Korea’s Railway EnvironmentMotives
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The Seoul-Busan line, at 450 km in length, is suitable for the construction of a super-speed maglev system due to its population density
The 300km/h KTX will be operated entirely on this line from this November
For this reason, a new or additional super-speed train may not be required on this line in the near future
Seoul
Busan
Korea’s Railway EnvironmentMotives
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In addition, a new 370 km/h high-speed train, a wheel-on-rail technology, is in development
On the other hand, 3 new potential super-speed lines have been recently proposed
• Korean mainland - Jeju island (167 km)• Korea-Japan (222.6 km)• Korea-China (341 km)
Motives
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The Urban Maglev demonstration line will be opened at the Incheon International Airport area in 2013
Recently, the super-speed maglev R&D group has consisted of KRRI, KIMM, and others
As is well-known, the super-speed maglev program requires a huge budget and many years of work
To initiate such a project, a public consensus supporting the project would be desirable
% public: national government, manufacturers, operators, and the general public
Korea’s Railway Environment
Objectives
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The objective of this article is to establish the R&D directions for a super-speed Maglev train that could be accepted favorably by the public.
To do this, diverse opinions from the public were surveyed and analyzed considering the trend and demand in railway transportation.
The established directions will be reflected both in the urban and super speed Maglev train R&D program, and further discussions of the issues would take place.
Civil ServantsOpinion Survey
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Positive• The super-speed maglev train is expected to be a future form of transport for
long distances • Accordingly, a fundamental study on the core technologies is needed
Negative• Less demand • Since the speed difference is less, what are its competitive advantages?• Is it technically possible to realize it?• Can you assess the expected R&D expenses and period? “Are you sure you will succeed?”
General public
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Opinion Survey
Positive• The super-speed maglev train is a fantastic, futuristic vehicle, providing fast
travel at speeds comparable to an aircraft Negative• Promoting social welfare now is a bigger priority than benefits in the
distant future
Operator
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Opinion Survey
Positive• The super-speed maglev train is very interesting• It is good idea to study it
Negative• “Oldest is best”• Maglev technology has not been fully proven in terms of the safety and
the economical aspects• Why should I be the first user? I don’t want to be a early adopter.
Manufacturers
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Opinion Survey
Positive• It is a good idea for academia and institutions to study it
Negative• Profit-seeking from the urban maglev under development is preferred• We could not wait for such a very long and uncertain period
R&D Directions Established
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The following R&D directions for a super-speed Maglev train could be favorably accepted by the public.
• finding potential routes• clearly suggesting the budget and years required• show up the special features and advantages with a easy way• clear assessment of the construction and operating costs• don’t request huge funds, even at early stage• distinct or novel technology • try to apply the maglev technology to other fields for early profit • aggressive advertising
HistoryKorea’s Maglev Program
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‘90Small-Scale
Model’96BogieTest
’971.1 km
Test TrackCompleted ’98
UTM-01Built
’05UTM-02
Built
’06Super-speedMaglev R&D
Started
UTM : Urban Transit Maglev
Spin-off’07
Urban MaglevProgramStarted
Maglev R&D promoted by Korean government started in Dec. 1989
IntroductionKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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objectives• development of Urban Maglev system (top speed: 110 km/h)• construction of demonstration line (about 7 km) for the developed Maglev system test
program period: 2007 ~ 2013 (7 years) program budget: 450 M US$ contents• Systems Engineering• Maglev vehicle development• construction of demonstration Line participants : 26 organizations (private companies, universities,
R&D institutes)
ScheduleKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
R&D
Systems Engineering
Prototype Consist Vehicle System
3 Consist Vehicle System
Guideway System
DemoLine
Site Selection
Line Design
Construction
Commissioning Test
(Design & Manuf.) (Test)
(30 months)
System Specifications Korea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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UTM-02 New SystemCar Size (L X W X H) 13.5m X 2.85m X 3.53m 12m X 2.7m X 3.45m
Car Weight (Empty) 27 ton 19 tonPassenger Capacity 120 per Car 115 per CarMax. Speed 110 km/h 110 km/hPropulsion System LIM + VVVF Inverter LIM + VVVF InverterNumber of Bogies 3 per Car 4 per Car
Climbing Capability 6 % 7 %
Min. Radius 60 m 50 m
Gauge 2,000 mm 1,850 mm
Acc./Deceleration 3.6 km/h/s 4.0 km/h/s
Air gap (Levitation) 10 mm 8 mm
Turn-Out Switching Time 90 Sec 25 Sec
Vehicle DesignKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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Demonstration Line PlanKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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Site : Incheon Int’l Airport Schedule
• Design : Nov. ’07 – Jan. ’09
• Design Review : Jan. ’09 – Dec. ’09
• Construction : Feb. ’10 – Jul. ’12
• Test & Evaluation : Aug. ’12 – Jul. ’13 Line Length : 6.1 km (Double Track) Cost : 300 M US$ 6 Stations & 1 Depot 3 Consists will be in service in the initial stage.
(2 Cars per Consist)
Guideway ComparisionKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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advantages of Maglev system• slender structure makes it more aesthetically pleasing
• girder without slab is used as vehicle guideway
• construction cost and period are reduced
Demonstration Line in Service (Video)Korea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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Prototype Vehicles Running on Test TrackKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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Outside NoiseKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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Ambient Noise 54.4 dB(A)
Noise While Vehicle Running64.5 dB(A)
: measurement position (7.5m away from guideway)
※ measured outside noise : Less than 65 dB(A), which is the design limit
test results
Future WorkKorea’s Maglev Program-Urban
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commercialization in various cities is inevitable
improvements to be carried out
• dramatic cost reduction of guideway construction
• show evidence of reliability, safety, operating cost, maintainability and aesthetic guideway design
AimsKorea’s Maglev Program-Super-speed
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KIMM began research on the fundamental technologies at the end of 2005
goals
• more stable and economic maglev system
• system decision
• novel conceptual design
Summary of AchievementsKorea’s Maglev Program-Super-speed
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levitation and propulsion system decision
• levitation: hybrid of permanent magnet and electromagnet
• guidance: electromagnet
• propulsion: Linear Synchronous Motor Levitation and propulsion unit design and performance tests
Suggested our own conceptual design
[Levitation and propulsion unit performance tester]
Work underwayKorea’s Maglev Program-Super-speed
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[1/4 scale virtual vehicle] [1/4 scale actual vehicle]
assembly of ¼ scale vehicle to study the feasibility of the levitation
technology on a super-speed train
Future WorkKorea’s Maglev Program-Super-speed
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make a super-speed maglev R&D group
contents to be performed
• short and long term R&D planning
• start of basic investigations
• system design
• demonstration of the proposed system on a small scale
Conclusions
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R&D directions for a super-speed Maglev train that could be favorably accepted by the public:
• finding potential routes• clearly suggesting the budget and years required• show up the special features and advantages with a easy way• clear assessment of the construction and operating costs• don’t request huge funds, even at early stage• distinct or novel technology • try to apply the maglev technology to other fields for early profit• aggressive advertising cooperation rather than competition among all groups worldwide at first,
to enlarge the pie