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Research Methods Research Methods in Psychologyin Psychology

Review for Exam 1Review for Exam 1

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Question 1Question 1

The kind of everyday, nonscientific The kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our data gathering that shapes our beliefs and directs our behavior beliefs and directs our behavior toward others has been called toward others has been called _________________._________________.

a)a) nonscientific inferencenonscientific inference

b)b) commonsense psychologycommonsense psychology

c)c) commonsense inferencecommonsense inference

d)d) nonscientific psychologynonscientific psychology

e)e) quasiexperimental psychologyquasiexperimental psychology

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Question 2Question 2

Which hypothesis is actually tested Which hypothesis is actually tested using inferential statistics such as using inferential statistics such as the t-test?the t-test?

a)a) research hypothesisresearch hypothesis

b)b) experimental hypothesisexperimental hypothesis

c)c) alternative hypothesisalternative hypothesis

d)d) null hypothesisnull hypothesis

e)e) Both c and dBoth c and d

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Question 3Question 3

The principle of The principle of modus tollens modus tollens is is also called ______________:also called ______________:

a)a) Law of parsimonyLaw of parsimony

b)b) Law of effectLaw of effect

c)c) Occam’s razor bladeOccam’s razor blade

d)d) Method of verificationMethod of verification

e)e) none of the abovenone of the above

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Question 4Question 4

The research of Hendrik Schon The research of Hendrik Schon resulted in _________________.resulted in _________________.

a)a) a prolific rate of very useful a prolific rate of very useful publicationspublications

b)b) grey googrey goo

c)c) Mistakes that were satisfactorily Mistakes that were satisfactorily correctedcorrected

d)d) An independent investigationAn independent investigation

e)e) Replicable data sets Replicable data sets

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Question 5Question 5

The idea that statements may be The idea that statements may be proven false by a single, contrary proven false by a single, contrary observation; whereas, statements observation; whereas, statements can never be proven to be true is can never be proven to be true is called called modus tollensmodus tollens or or _________________. _________________.

a)a) bad sciencebad science

b)b) good thinkinggood thinking

c)c) procedure of falsificationprocedure of falsification

d)d) Occam’s razorOccam’s razor

e)e) law of parsimonylaw of parsimony

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Question 6Question 6

Part of the scientific approach that Part of the scientific approach that can be particularly important when can be particularly important when findings have important implications findings have important implications (e.g., in the case of cold fusion) or (e.g., in the case of cold fusion) or directly contradict current directly contradict current conventional wisdom is called conventional wisdom is called _________________._________________.

a)a) observationobservationb)b) duplicationduplicationc)c) falsificationfalsificationd)d) replicationreplicatione)e) remediationremediation

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Question 7Question 7

The word ‘science’ has two The word ‘science’ has two connotations, __________ and connotations, __________ and __________.__________.

a)a) content; processcontent; process

b)b) cause; effectcause; effect

c)c) induction; deductioninduction; deduction

d)d) inference; relationinference; relation

e)e) formal; informalformal; informal

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Question 8Question 8

Which of the following groups is Which of the following groups is concerned with the ethics of human concerned with the ethics of human research studies?research studies?

a)a) ILARILAR

b)b) AAALACAAALAC

c)c) IACUCIACUC

d)d) IRBIRB

e)e) All of the aboveAll of the above

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Question 9Question 9

The following goal is included in the The following goal is included in the concept of “informed consent”:concept of “informed consent”:

a)a) individuals must give their consent individuals must give their consent freelyfreely

b)b) individuals must be free to drop out of individuals must be free to drop out of the study at any timethe study at any time

c)c) researchers must give subjects a full researchers must give subjects a full explanation of the proceduresexplanation of the procedures

d)d) researcher must make clear the researcher must make clear the potential risks and benefits of the studypotential risks and benefits of the study

e)e) all of the aboveall of the above

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Question 10Question 10

One advantage of laboratory One advantage of laboratory experiments in comparison to other experiments in comparison to other research methods is the greater degree research methods is the greater degree of control over the experimental of control over the experimental situation. As a result, laboratory situation. As a result, laboratory experiments typically have greater experiments typically have greater __________.__________.

a)a) internal validityinternal validity

b)b) external validityexternal validity

c)c) realismrealism

d)d) generalizationgeneralization

e)e) observationobservation

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Question 11Question 11

A ___________________ study includes A ___________________ study includes a between-groups design that is an a between-groups design that is an alternative to the within-subject alternative to the within-subject design of longitudinal studies.design of longitudinal studies.

a)a) ex post factoex post facto

b)b) pretest/posttestpretest/posttest

c)c) path analysispath analysis

d)d) crossed-lagged panelcrossed-lagged panel

e)e) cross-sectionalcross-sectional

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Question 12Question 12

One of the first kinds of data we One of the first kinds of data we collect about others comes in the collect about others comes in the form of _________________.form of _________________.

a)a) traits we assign to themtraits we assign to them

b)b) random thoughtsrandom thoughts

c)c) projected characteristics that we projected characteristics that we possesspossess

d)d) objective expectanciesobjective expectancies

e)e) Preconceptual sciencePreconceptual science

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Question 13Question 13

A field experiment may have a high A field experiment may have a high level of ______________.level of ______________.

a)a) Imposition of unitsImposition of units

b)b) Antecedent manipulationAntecedent manipulation

c)c) Internal validityInternal validity

d)d) External validityExternal validity

e)e) Both c and dBoth c and d

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Question 14Question 14

Which of the following is a Which of the following is a correlational method of causal correlational method of causal modeling _______________. modeling _______________.

a)a) Path analysisPath analysis

b)b) crossed-sectional analysiscrossed-sectional analysis

c)c) Ex post factoidEx post factoid

d)d) Cross-sagged camel designCross-sagged camel design

e)e) longitudinallongitudinal

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Question 15Question 15

The study comparing Fri the 6The study comparing Fri the 6thth to to Fri the 13Fri the 13thth was a _______________. was a _______________.

a)a) longitudinal studylongitudinal study

b)b) crossed-sectional studycrossed-sectional study

c)c) ex post facto studyex post facto study

d)d) retrospective studyretrospective study

e)e) archival studyarchival study

AnswersAnswers

1.1. BB

2.2. EE

3.3. EE

4.4. DD

5.5. CC

6.6. DD

7.7. AA

8.8. DD1717

9) E9) E

10) A10) A

11) E11) E

12) A12) A

13) E13) E

14) A14) A

15) E15) E

Bonus Question 1Bonus Question 1

Which research design uses beta Which research design uses beta weights from multiple regression weights from multiple regression analysis to generate possible direction analysis to generate possible direction of cause and effect from correlated of cause and effect from correlated variablesvariables

a)a)Factor analysisFactor analysis

b)b)Multiple correlationMultiple correlation

c)c)Path analysisPath analysis

d)d)Crossed-lagged PanelCrossed-lagged Panel1818

Bonus Question 2Bonus Question 2

Which research design measures the Which research design measures the same pair of variables at two different same pair of variables at two different points in time and looks at patterns of points in time and looks at patterns of correlations across time for possible correlations across time for possible direction of cause and effectdirection of cause and effect

a)a)Factor analysisFactor analysis

b)b)Multiple correlationMultiple correlation

c)c)Path analysisPath analysis

d)d)Crossed-lagged PanelCrossed-lagged Panel

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Bonus Question 3Bonus Question 3

Which research design determines Which research design determines subsets of correlated variables within subsets of correlated variables within a larger set of variablesa larger set of variables

a)a)Factor analysisFactor analysis

b)b)Multiple regressionMultiple regression

c)c)Multiple correlationMultiple correlation

d)d)Linear regressionLinear regression

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Bonus Question 4Bonus Question 4

Which research design determines Which research design determines subsets of correlated variables within subsets of correlated variables within a larger set of variablesa larger set of variables

a)a)Factor analysisFactor analysis

b)b)Multiple regressionMultiple regression

c)c)Multiple correlationMultiple correlation

d)d)Linear regressionLinear regression

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Bonus Question 5Bonus Question 5

Which research design uses regression Which research design uses regression equation to predict the scores on one equation to predict the scores on one variable from the scores on sets of variable from the scores on sets of other variablesother variables

a)a)Factor analysisFactor analysis

b)b)Multiple regressionMultiple regression

c)c)Multiple correlationMultiple correlation

d)d)Linear regressionLinear regression

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Bonus Question 6Bonus Question 6

Which research design explores Which research design explores characteristics, behaviors, or effects characteristics, behaviors, or effects of naturally occurring events in of naturally occurring events in preexisting groups of subjectspreexisting groups of subjects

a)a)Ex Post FactoEx Post Facto

b)b)Nonequivalent GroupsNonequivalent Groups

c)c)LongitudinalLongitudinal

d)d)Cross-sectionalCross-sectional

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Bonus Question 7Bonus Question 7

Which research design investigates Which research design investigates changes across time by measuring changes across time by measuring the behavior of the same group of the behavior of the same group of subjects at different points in timesubjects at different points in time

a)a)Ex Post FactoEx Post Facto

b)b)Nonequivalent GroupsNonequivalent Groups

c)c)LongitudinalLongitudinal

d)d)Cross-sectionalCross-sectional

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Bonus Question 8Bonus Question 8

Which research design investigates Which research design investigates changes across time by comparing changes across time by comparing groups of subjects already at different groups of subjects already at different stages at a single point in time.stages at a single point in time.

a)a)Ex Post FactoEx Post Facto

b)b)Nonequivalent GroupsNonequivalent Groups

c)c) LongitudinalLongitudinal

d)d)Cross-sectionalCross-sectional

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Bonus Question 9Bonus Question 9

Which research design compares Which research design compares effects of different treatment effects of different treatment conditions on preexisting groups of conditions on preexisting groups of subjects.subjects.

a)a)Ex Post FactoEx Post Facto

b)b)Nonequivalent GroupsNonequivalent Groups

c)c)LongitudinalLongitudinal

d)d)Pretest-posttestPretest-posttest

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Bonus Question 10Bonus Question 10

Which research design explores the Which research design explores the effects of an event (or treatment) by effects of an event (or treatment) by comparing behavior before and after comparing behavior before and after the event (or treatment).the event (or treatment).

a)a)Ex Post FactoEx Post Facto

b)b)Nonequivalent GroupsNonequivalent Groups

c)c)LongitudinalLongitudinal

d)d)Pretest-posttestPretest-posttest

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Answers to bonus questionsAnswers to bonus questions

Can be found on pages 142 and 153 of Can be found on pages 142 and 153 of M&H.M&H.

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