1

Respiratory System

2

Tale of Two Gases

• RESPIRATION is Simple- in with the good (O2), out with the bad (CO2) called Pulmonary ventilation

Phases of respiration:

• External respiration- gases exchanged between lungs and blood

• Internal respiration-gases exchanged between blood and tissues

3

• Respiratory System Anatomy-• Upper Respiratory System: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx • Lower Respiratory System: Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

4

Nose• The study of the nose, ears and throat is called

otorhinolaryngology (oto= ear, rhino= nose, larynx= throat)

• External nose: Cartilage stuck to the nasal bones creating a wind tunnel with two holes called the external nares or nostrils

• Function: – filtering air– odors detection– resonating chamber that amplifies the voice (hold your nose)– moisture addition– warming air– FOR Men and Women

5

The Deep Dark Secret of the Schnoz

• Internal nose anatomy- nasal cavity divided by nasal septum

• Nasal septum anatomy- consists of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior), the vomer (inferior) and septial cartilage (anterior)

• Deviated nasal septum= is a disorder of the nasal septum

6

Regions of Pharynx• The Pharynx

(FAIR-inks)- from the internal nose to the cricoid cartilage

• Naso-

• Oro-

• Laryngo-C5

7

Pharynx

• Function:

– passage way for food, air, water

– resonating chamber

– immune function, tonsils

• Superior portion has an opening for the Eustachian tube

• Inferior portion connects to the esophagus and the larynx (food and air tubes)

8

Larynx

• Larynx (LAIR-inks)- voice box, anterior to C4-6, connect the pharynx with the trachea

• Epiglottis (Epi= over, glottis= tongue)- a small tongue-like structure that when we swallow, the epiglottis closes over the larynx so that food will go into the esophagus

• Houses the vocal cords

9

Laryngeal Cartilages

• Thyroid cartilage- also called the Adam’s apple, wedged shaped made of hyaline cartilage, pointing anterior, larger in males but females have one also, lies superior to the thyroid gland

• Cricoid cartilage- a ring made of hyaline cartilage, great place for a “trach”

10

Emergency Tracheostomy• Tracheostomy (Trach)- a procedure where inferior to the

thyroid cartilage and superior to the cricoid cartilage of the throat is cut by a small (3/16”) vertical incision and a Bic pen is placed in the hole so that the a person can breath, don’t try this at home! Done only in extreme emergencies

11

Epiglottis• Epiglottis (Epi= over, glottis= tongue)- a small tongue-like

structure, when we swallow the epiglottis closes over the larynx so that food will go into the esophagus and not into our _______

12

Action of Vocal Cords

• The larynx forms two pairs of folds: superior called the ventricular folds or false vocal cords

• An inferior pair of folds called the vocal folds or true vocal cords

• Air passes by the vocal cords causing them to vibrate and producing voice

13

Trachea

• Trachea- Windpipe

• Anterior to esophagus, goes from C6-T5, at T5 it divides into right and left bronchi

• Tracheal rings- composed of hyaline cartilage, in the shape of a “C”

• The “C” opens posterior to allow the esophagus to expand while swallowing

14

Each color is a different tertiary bronchus

15

Terminal Part of the Lungs

16

Lungs- General Anatomy I• Paired cone shaped organs, in thoracic cavity, separated by

the mediastinum• Mediastinum contains the heart and other structures, it

separates one lung from the other• Each lung is surrounded by pleural membrane- protects

and encloses the lung

17

Lungs- General Anatomy II

• Each lung extends from the diaphragm to the clavicles and from anterior ribs to posterior ribs

• Base- inferior portion• Apex- superior portion, narrow• Costal surface- surface lying against the ribs• Mediastinal surface- medial part of each lung

contains:– Hilus- passageway for bronchi, blood vessels, nerves

18

• Right lung- 3 lobes: Superior

Middle and

Inferior lobe

• Left lung- 2 lobes: Superior and

Inferior lobe

Fissures divide each lung into lobes:

19

Muscles Involved in Breathing• INSPIRATION: • Diaphragm (dome shaped)

• External intercostals– elevate ribs

• Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

• Platysma- in respiratory distress• EXPIRATION: • Internal intercostal muscles

– depress the ribs

• Contract abdominal muscles

20

Breathing

• Inspiration- also called inhalation, lungs expand and air goes in, diaphragm goes into the abdomen

• Expiration- also called exhalation, passive process from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs, no muscles needed, the diaphragm exits the abdominal cavity

21

Respiratory Terms• Hyperventilation- rapid and deep breathing, exhales

increased CO2• Too much CO2 causes acidosis (acidic blood) called

hypercapnia– CO2 diffuses across the blood brain barrier and can acidify the

cerebral spinal fluid

• Hypoventilation- slow and shallow breathing• Hypoxia- inadequate oxygen supply

– cyanosis - blueness of skin

22

LUNG DIS-EASE I

• Asthma- Marked by airway hypersenativity, inflammation and obstruction– Symptoms of difficult breathing, wheezing, anxiety

• COPD- (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) 4th leading cause of death. Increased airway resistance with recurrent obstruction- smokers– Emphysema- Alveoli destruction, barrel chest, too

much air in the lungs prevents gas exchange– Chronic Bronchitis- Excess mucus and cough,

symptoms = cyanosis, shortness of breath

23

LUNG DIS-EASE II

• Pneumonia- Acute inflammation of alveoli, 4 million deaths per year, bacterial infection that usually follows a viral infection

• Tuberculosis (TB)- creates lesions called tubercles in lungs

24

TERMS OF INSPIRATION

• Asphyxia (as-fix-see-a)- oxygen starvation (in carbon monoxide poisoning)

• Aspiration- inhaling other stuff than air

• Dyspnea- labored or painful breathing