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1Second semester 14 -15
Chapter 11Diet during Infancy
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
2Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Nutritional Requirements of the InfantBirth weight doubles by 6 months and triples within first yearDuring the first year approximately 98 to 108 calories per
kilogram of body weight each dayNutritional needs depend on child’s growth rateThe basis of the infant’s diet is breast milk or formula.Essential vitamins and minerals can be supplied in breast
milk, formula.Vitamin D supplement given in breastfed infants not exposed
to sunlightWhen reaching 6 months of age, the infant given iron-
fortified cereal .
3Second semester 14-15
BreastfeedingBenefits for the InfantHas perfect composition for baby’s needsBreast milk provides antibodiesLower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.Promotion of good jaw developmentDecreased risk of obesity later in lifeFacilitation of bonding between mother and childHelps lose weight gained during pregnancyStimulates uterus to contract back to original sizeIs economicalProvides opportunity for restingIs always right temperature and readily available
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
4Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Breastfeeding (cont'd)
Also beneficial to mothers
Less risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis
Indications of adequate nutrition of the infant include:
1. Infant has six or more wet diapers per day
2. Infant has normal growth
3. Infant has one to two bowel movements per day
4. Breast becomes less full during nursing
5Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Bottle FeedingInfant should be cuddled and held in
semi-upright positionDuring and after the feeding, the infant should
be burped to release gas in the stomach and prevent regurgitation (vomiting).
Formulas made from modified cow’s milk to resemble breast milk in nutritional value
Formulas has more protein and mineral salts and less lactose than human milk
Synthetic formula may be used for infants who are sensitive or allergic
6Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Bottle Feeding (cont'd)Formula must be prepared with correct amount of water
to prevent health complicationsToo little water will create too heavy a protein and mineral
load for the infant’s kidneys. Too much water will dilute the nutrient and calorie value so
that the infant will not thrive,
Infants under the age of 1 year should not be given regular cow’s milk , it can cause gastrointestinal blood loss in infants
Infants should not be put to bed with a bottle , The milk then bathes the upper front teeth, causing tooth decay.
7Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Supplementary FoodsThe introduction of solid foods before the age of 4 to 6
months is not recommended.Solid foods must be introduced gradually and individuallySolids should be started with iron-fortified rice cereal then
other infant's cerealsFollowed with cooked vegetables, then cooked fruits, egg
yolk, and finely meatsHoney should never be given to an infant because it could be
contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria.When the infant learns to drink from a cup, juice can be
introduced from a cup better than a bottle
8Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Supplementary Foods (cont'd)Never be given from a bottle because babies will fill up on
it and not get enough calories from other sources.Use only 100 percent juice products because they are
nutrient-dense.
Solid foods are introduced at 4 to 6 months. Breast milk or formula continues to be the main source of calories at this age.
9Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Special Nutritional NeedsPremature infantsCystic fibrosisGalactosemiaPhenylketonuria (PKU)
10Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Premature InfantsAn infant born before 37 weeks of gestationSucking reflex not developed until 34 weeks of gestationInfants born earlier require total parenteral nutrition, tube
feedings, or bolus feedingsOther concerns:
Low birth weight, underdeveloped lungs, immature gastrointestinal tract, inadequate bone mineralization, and lack of fat reserves
Many special formulas available, but breast milk bestComposition perfect even for premature infants
11Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Cystic FibrosisInherited disease in which body secretes abnormally thick
mucus within cells lining organs such as the lungs and pancreas.
Decreased production of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fat
Recommendation:
1. 35 to 40 percent of diet should be from fat
2. Digestive enzymes and fat-soluble vitamin supplementation at meal times
3. Nighttime tube feedings may be indicated
12Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
GalactosemiaGalactosemia is a condition, in which there is a lack of the
liver enzyme transferase which converts galactose to glucose
Excessive amount of galactose in blood becomes toxicSigns and symptoms
diarrhea, vomiting, edema, and abnormal liver functionCataracts may developGalactosuria and mental retardation occur
Diet therapy:Exclusion of anything containing milk from any mammalNutritional supplements of calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin
13Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Infants lack liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
which is necessary for metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine
Infants normal at birth, but if untreated, become hyperactive, suffer seizures, and become mentally retarded between 6 and 18 months
Lifelong diet therapy:Commercial formula LofenalacRegular blood testsSynthetic milk for older childrenAvoidance of phenylalanine
14Second semester 14 -15 Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
ConclusionInfants must have adequate diets to avoid impairment of
physical and mental developmentBreastfeedingNature’s way of feeding infantFormula feeding also acceptableSome infants have special nutritional needs