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Simulation for Training

Dr. Bob Bauer

Armor School

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THEMES

Requirements for successful Simulations in training are:

Technology

ManagementInstructional

Design

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Agenda

• Past – Present - Future

• Demonstrate examples

• Describe good/bad news

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Definitions: Gaming vs Simulation?

Gaming: • focused on entertaining • education and training executed with simulations• can operate as standalone or enabler to live, virtual, and constructive• integrated training environment• use of commercial/government off the shelf games to train

Gaming simulations:• real Soldiers learning and training in a simulated environment• experience without cost of simulator or live training• provides feedback that reinforces learning objectives• semi-immersive environment

Simulation: • used in task/situational training areas to allow humans to anticipate• situations and react properly• decision-making environments to test/select alternatives• a method for implementing a model over time• any representation or imitation of reality• immersive environment

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Comparison of Models

Knowledge

Understanding

Application

Analysis

Synthesis

Evaluation

Task Based ModelCognitive abilities:• Analyzing a Task

•Task Based•Establishing objectives

• Plan Centric• Measuring performance with objectives

• Structured• Sequential• Clear measures of “GO” and “NO GO”

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Problem Based Learning Model

Cognitive abilities:• Focusing on knowledge construction

• Mental agility• Realistic approaches to problem solving

• Complex problem solving• Conceptual interrelatedness• Integrating multiple cognitive/procedural tasks

• Critical thinking

PB

LP

roce

du

ral

trai

nin

g

PBL – Problem Based Learning

SAT – Systems Approach to Training

Incr

ea

sed

Inte

rac

tiv

ity

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Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)

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Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)

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Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)

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Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)

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Past Training Simulations

BATTALION STAFFTRAINING

PLATOON and COMPANYTRAINING

BATTALION LEVELTRAINING

SIMNET / CCTT

JANUS / JCATS

Observer / Controllers

Structured Training

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Dunn Kemp - Example

• Board game• Terrain modeled with hexagon• 2 players• Fielded in 70s• Rolled dice to decide outcomes

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America’s Army - Example

• Multiplayer tactical/military FPS game (public version)

• The PC version 1.0, subtitled Recon, was first released on July 4, 2002.

• Strategic communications tool for USAREC• 9.3M registered users• Up to 16 players on each of 2 sides• PC & console over the internet• Very limited artificial intelligence (AI) and non-player character (NPC) support• Very limited mounted play

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Use of Video Games in the Army

47.7

30.4

11.2

27.0

17.8

8.0

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

PVT -CPL

SGT -SFC

MSG -CSM

LT CPT -MAJ

LTC -COL

Enlisted

Officer

Participants– Over 10,000 U.S. Army

Soldiers

5,248 enlisted

4,796 officers

Survey– 85 total questions– 15 questions applied

directly to games – investigating demographics, videogame and/or computer usage

Source: Jennifer C. Moore, Karin A. Orvis, George Mason University & Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area and  James Belanich, Jennifer L. Solberg, Daniel B. Horn, U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences; “Who Plays What? Videogame Usage Among Soldiers and Potential Training Effects” APA Division 21/19 Annual Symposium of Applied Experimental Research , March 1-2, 2007, Fairfax, Virginia

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DARWARS Ambush!

• Description: – Multiple-user simulation/game– Learners perform individual critical decision-making and

problem-solving in a collective environment– Used while conducting tactical operations such as Perform

Screen Operations and Direct Convoy Operations

• Current Course applications– Basic Noncommissioned Officers Course– Advanced Noncommissioned Officers Course– Basic Officer Leader Course III

• Situations– Tactical scenarios/environments (versus terrain boards) – Combine previously trained leadership and tactical tasks– Cultural awareness

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DARWARS Scenarios

NCO:• Perform Screen Operations• Route Recon with Obstacle• Cordon & Search• Conduct Displacement

Officer:• Fundamentals of the Offense• Fundamentals of Maneuver• BCT Full Spectrum Operations• Fundamentals of the Defense

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TAAHANEY

1

6

5

4

3

2

7

8

9

10

11

LD/L

C LIS

A

LOA

OLI

VER

PL DRUCKER

PL EB

PL Z

IFFE

L

A

B

PL ARNO

LD

A

D

C

Bv

E

NAI A

NAI B

6

1/C

/6-8

CAV

3/C

/6-8

CAV

1/C

/6-8

CAV

3/B/

6-8C

AV

O/C Map and Graphic

X2 BRDMX5 TroopsSA/MG/RPGConstructing OBS

What: CIV TrafficACT: Traveling along RTEStationary

X3 TroopsSA/MGOP

What: CIV TrafficACT: Traveling along RTEConducting logging Operations

What: CIV TrafficACT: Traveling along RTEbased on BLUFOR response

What: CIV VillageACT: Traveling along RTETBD based on BLUFOR response

X1 BMP2X5 TroopsSA/MG/RPGConstructing OBS

Plt begins in AA

OEPRATION: “GEREEN ACRES”

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DARWARS Demo

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Virtual Battlespace 2 -VBS2

• A fully interactive, three-dimensional, PC-based synthetic environment suitable for military training and experimentation

• An out-of-the-box training solution capable of simulating a wide range of situations at the tactical level

• Real-time rendering of large, high-fidelity terrain areas

• Flexible, networked training environment

• Comprehensive scenario editors

• Rapid terrain generation

• Rapid development

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VBS2 Applications

• Mission simulation/rehearsal • Area of Operations (AO) familiarization• Tactical training to Combat Team level• Combined Arms or Joint Training• Convoy training• Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Defeat• Analysis of Course of Action • Fire Support• Land Navigation• Vehicle checkpoints and area control• Procedural training for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators• Cultural Awareness training• Visualization of weapon effects• Training in urban environments

Currently Alpha Testing

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VBS2 Demo

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Example: CCTTAbrams TankM16 Rifle

Life Cycle Management

Program $

Games in GeneralTRADITIONAL APPROACH

EMERGING GAMING APPROACH

Define Requirements

VBS-2

Next Game

Next Game

Identify requirement for family of games

Throw away games

Program $

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Ground School XXI

Where we are going

2323

92± Courses92± Courses135,000±135,000± SoldiersSoldiers

Trained to StandardTrained to Standard

Training:Training:- 7 Days a Week - 7 Days a Week - 52 Weeks a Year- 52 Weeks a Year

17,100 in New 17,100 in New Recruit TrainingRecruit Training17,100 in New 17,100 in New Recruit TrainingRecruit Training

600 in Ranger 600 in Ranger and RSLCand RSLC

600 in Ranger 600 in Ranger and RSLCand RSLC

Maneuver Center Training (2011)Maneuver Center Training (2011)

1800 in Airborne1800 in Airborne

More High Risk Training than any other Installation ...More High Risk Training than any other Installation ...

Typical Day 23,700 Soldiers in TrainingTypical Day 23,700 Soldiers in TrainingTypical Day 23,700 Soldiers in TrainingTypical Day 23,700 Soldiers in Training

600 in Branch 600 in Branch Functional CoursesFunctional Courses

600 in Branch 600 in Branch Functional CoursesFunctional Courses

OCS / BOLC / MCCCOCS / BOLC / MCCC

3600 in Officer/ NCO Leader Courses3600 in Officer/ NCO Leader Courses

Korea

Ft Wainwright

Ft Richardson

Ft Benning

Ft Irwin

ItalyManeuver Maneuver

ForceForce

Schofield Bks / Shafter

Germany

Ft Riley

Ft Lewis

Puerto Rico

Ft PolkFt Hood

Ft Drum

Ft Sill

Ft Stewart

Ft Bragg / Pope AFB

Ft Bliss

Ft Campbell

Ft Knox

AC ARNG

Brigade Combat Teams 48 28

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Ground School XXIGround School XXI

• Learn from Aviation Training• Use FY07 Capability Based Assessment (CBA)• Initial Findings

– Current Operational Environment not well supported – Solution Sets include major upgrades and new

training support systems

"Take off the blinders, show me the realm of the possible. I am not looking for what we can do with what we have today. I want to see what we can do in the future. If what we need is 10 or 20 years down the road then , so be it.... Use Flight School XXI as the start point. I am not sure what can be done... I need you all to help me figure that out. Make it happen!“

General William S. Wallace, Commander, TRADOC at Fort Knox on 7 January 2008.

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Flight School Flight School XXI XXI

• Initial Entry Pilot Training• Contractor owned – off post• 20 year service contract• $1Billion

• FS XXI Training Load Calculations• Trains 1,200 Initial entry pilots a year• Aircraft specific advanced tracks:

• 126 AH-64D Track• 688 UH-60 Track• 186 CH-47D• 150 OH-58D

• GS XXI Training Load Calculations • 92 Courses• 135,000 + Soldiers a year

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VISIONVISION

Train the Way We Fight and Operate, See It First in Training and Train First in Simulation

Crawl, Walk, Run, Apply/Rehearse

Develop a simulation system of systems that:• Simulates/Replicates individual weapons and weapons platforms• Provides gunnery/weapons and maneuver training• Replicates weapons/platforms to match force structure• Trains both generating and operating forces• Supports individual through brigade combat team, mounted and dismounted• Availability begins in 2012

The simulation replicates:• Sight, sound, and smells of conflict• Weapons effects• Environmental weather to include temperature and rain

Components of the simulation includes• Semi-Automated Forces (SAF)• Interface with LIVE training• Training Management system (Scheduling, student tracking, AARs)• Training Support Packages (gates and tables, variety of METT-TC)

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MGS

Sample of Tasks Trained at the MCoESample of Tasks Trained at the MCoE

Maneuver Captains Career Course -Conduct an Attack (Infantry Company)

Armor Basic Officer Leader (BOLC III) -Conduct Overwatch/Support By Fire At Platoon Level

Maneuver ANCOC (11B) -Conduct an Attack by a Platoon

11B10 OSUT -Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1 Carbine

Mortar Section(SAF)

Virtual Simulators• 7 Reconfigurable Vehicles• 1 Raven• 39 Soldiers

Stryker Company Virtual SIMEXStryker Company Virtual SIMEX

Company CommanderXOFires Support Team• Field Artillery• CAS

1st Platoon(SAF)

3rd Platoon (SAF)2nd Platoon &MGS Platoon

4 X Stryker IFV3 X MGS1 X Plt HQ3 X Infantry Squads1 X Weapons Squad1 X Raven

Medics(SAF)

White Cell

COE OPFOR(SAF)

Civilians(SAF)

Engage Targets with

an M4 or M4A1 Carbine

Conduct an Attack by a

Platoon

Conduct an Attack

(Infantry Company)

Conduct Overwatch/ Support By

Fire atPlatoon Level

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The Problem The Problem

The Army has done well with the simulations and simulators to train platform weapons systems.

The training support required to integrate mounted/dismounted operations, asymmetric threats, non-combatants, robotics, aspects of full spectrum operations and emerging capability is lacking.

The maneuver force must continue to train Soldiers and units to standard while:

• The Army modernizes• The Army grows

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Current Simulation Current Simulation GapsGaps• Dismounted Training

• Mounted Supporting Dismounted and Dismounted Supporting Mounted Soldier and Leader Training

• Ability to conduct battle command tasks in the classroom (e.g., gaming - course of action development)

• Ability to Prepare and Execute Operations (Leader Opportunity in the Schoolhouse)

• Incorporate modernization

• Link to L-V-C

• Full Spectrum Operations

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Full Spectrum Full Spectrum Operations Operations

Mounted Support to Dismounted

Operations&

Dismounted Support to Mounted

Operations

Asymmetric Threats

Noncombatants Acquire/React to Explosive Devices

&Intelligent

Munitions System Mines/Booby

Traps

Robotics

CCTT

COFT

AB-FIST*

AGTS

EST 2000

Meets RequirementsNeeds ImprovementDoes Not Meet Requirements

(examples)

* Advanced Bradley Full Crew Interactive Skills Trainer

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What Will GS XXI What Will GS XXI Achieve?Achieve?

BEFORE:(many operational/product stovepipes,

redundant processes, and gaps)

AFTER: (integrated operations serving common mission)

GS XXI Transformatio

n

GS XXI Transformatio

n

Objective: Formations that achieve mission goals

using most cost effective means

Current: Add-hoc training solutions, disjointed training infrastructure elements, rice

bowls, etc. operating separately

CCTT

EST 2000

AG

TS

AB-FIST

MILES

JCATS

CTC

CA

LFE

X

Training for: Conduct an AttackTraining for: Conduct an Attack

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Considerations for Military M&S

• Professional– Education

• Modeling and Simulation• Qualitative and Quantitative• Limits of Analysis

– Knowledge of the Military• DOTMLPF• Military History• The Decision Maker

• Personal– Security Clearance

• Government• Industry• Academia

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Questions

Technology

ManagementInstructional

Design