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Smart DustSmart Dust

Mohammad RahimiMohammad Rahimi

CSCI599-Spring2002CSCI599-Spring2002

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Back to future!Back to future!

Colonies of smart ultra small size networkColonies of smart ultra small size network Interaction of advances in technologyInteraction of advances in technology

VLSI more condense silicon processingVLSI more condense silicon processing VLSI more silicon speedVLSI more silicon speed VLSI low power short range communicationVLSI low power short range communication MEMS Micro-Electromechanical SystemsMEMS Micro-Electromechanical Systems Networking : Ad hoc wireless NetworkNetworking : Ad hoc wireless Network Distributed Processing : Operating system, Distributed Processing : Operating system,

DatabaseDatabase

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Wow!Wow!

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ApplicationsApplications

It is a special class of sensor networkIt is a special class of sensor network Fine sensing granularityFine sensing granularity Applications :Applications :

Forest fire warningForest fire warning Enemy troop monitoringEnemy troop monitoring Large scale Biology or GeologyLarge scale Biology or Geology Smart office spacesSmart office spaces Defense-related sensor networksDefense-related sensor networks Inventory ControlInventory Control

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Circulatory Net

Group of sensors inside the body

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Key Features of these Key Features of these electronic particleselectronic particles

PowerPower Survive for extended amount of timeSurvive for extended amount of time

ComputationComputation Process Sensor Data and CommunicateProcess Sensor Data and Communicate

SensorsSensors To Interface to the environmentTo Interface to the environment

CommunicationCommunication To glue the pieces of informationTo glue the pieces of information

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What is really behind the race?What is really behind the race?Computer Science!Computer Science!

Data FusionData Fusion An efficient semantic to diffuse data in the networkAn efficient semantic to diffuse data in the network Interpretation of multimodal sensingInterpretation of multimodal sensing

Ad hoc NetworkingAd hoc Networking Dynamic Reconfigurable networkDynamic Reconfigurable network ScalabilityScalability

Distributed ProcessingDistributed Processing Network Oriented Operating SystemsNetwork Oriented Operating Systems Data AggregationData Aggregation

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Come Back to Reality!Come Back to Reality!COTS DustCOTS Dust

Commercial Off-The-Shelf ComponentsCommercial Off-The-Shelf Components Dust Dust To enable us the research about the algorithms To enable us the research about the algorithms

and semantics and semantics

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ArchitectureArchitecture

Computation Brain1-MCU2-FPGA

Low PowerCommunication Front End1-Acoustic2-RF3-Optical

Sensors1-Magnetometer2- Light3-temperature4-pressure5-Hmidity6-Acceleration

Power1-Bat2-Sollar3-Vibration4-Acoustic Noise

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ArchitectureArchitecture

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PowerPower Power: Power: LithiumLithium Battery Battery

Big ProblemBig Problem Low capacity per unit of mass and volumeLow capacity per unit of mass and volume Needs support by sleep mechanism and low Needs support by sleep mechanism and low

power techniquespower techniques Not really so much innovation after Volta!Not really so much innovation after Volta!

SolarSolar VibrationVibration Acoustic noiseAcoustic noise Thermal conversionThermal conversion Nuclear ReactionNuclear Reaction Fuel CellsFuel Cells

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ComputationComputation Computation: ATMEL91M404000Computation: ATMEL91M404000 Micro ControllerMicro Controller

Core and variety of different functions Core and variety of different functions

Flash , SRAM , E2PROMFlash , SRAM , E2PROM GPIO , ADC , PWM ,ComparatorGPIO , ADC , PWM ,Comparator Embedded serial Buses Embedded serial Buses Ex: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip, MotorolaEx: Microcontrollers Atmel , Microchip, Motorola

Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms ,Motorola Microprocessors Intel Strong-Arms ,Motorola

FPGAFPGA Not Traditional Style Of programmingNot Traditional Style Of programming

Hardware Descriptive Languages (VHDL, Verilog)Hardware Descriptive Languages (VHDL, Verilog) Faster , Low Power , ReconfigurableFaster , Low Power , Reconfigurable Ex: Ex: Xilix,AtmelXilix,Atmel

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SensorsSensors

MotionMotion Sensing Sensing MagnetometerMagnetometer

Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field (Compass)Study 3 Element of Earth Magnetic field (Compass) AccelerometerAccelerometer

To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure motion To measure Local vertical (tilt switch) or measure motion vectorsvectors

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Sensing(Weather Monitoring) Sensing(Weather Monitoring) PressurePressure

BarometerBarometer TemperatureTemperature LightLight HumidityHumidity

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CommunicationCommunication

AcousticAcoustic RF radioRF radio OpticalOptical

PassivePassive ActiveActive

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Acoustic CommunicationAcoustic Communication

Power HungryPower Hungry High Background NoiseHigh Background Noise Large Size (proportional to harmonics of Large Size (proportional to harmonics of

sound)sound) Fast Attenuation CurveFast Attenuation Curve Low communication baud rateLow communication baud rate Low power receiverLow power receiver

Good for event driven wake up systemsGood for event driven wake up systems

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RF CommunicationRF Communication

New low power techniquesNew low power techniques Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum)Not robust (No fancy Spread Spectrum)

ISM BandISM Band For practical frequencies large ANT For practical frequencies large ANT

Size(~Size(~λ)λ) It may have a tail!!It may have a tail!!

Only one RF front endOnly one RF front end MCU acts as base band controllerMCU acts as base band controller

CRC,Encoding(Manchester),DC Balance,HeaderCRC,Encoding(Manchester),DC Balance,Header

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RF CommunicationRF Communication

Train SequenceFlag ByteNumber OF Byte DATA CRC

•No Addressing

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Optical CommunicationOptical Communication

ActiveActive High power High power laserlaser source source Transmission of modulated laser beamTransmission of modulated laser beam

PassivePassive MEMS MEMS Corner Cube ReflectorCorner Cube Reflector Emit modulated ambient lightEmit modulated ambient light Extremely low powerExtremely low power

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Optical Vs. RFOptical Vs. RF

Both mature technologyBoth mature technology Both Both ElectromagneticElectromagnetic waves waves light is quiet short wavelength compared to RFlight is quiet short wavelength compared to RF

Potential of smaller sizesPotential of smaller sizes light techniques are extremely light techniques are extremely directionaldirectional

Peer-PeerPeer-Peer RF techniques can be more omni directionalRF techniques can be more omni directional Directionality Brings the problem of Directionality Brings the problem of alignmentalignment

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Future WorkFuture Work

Design of multi hop networkDesign of multi hop network Autonomous network configurationAutonomous network configuration Data FusionData Fusion Network Decision makingNetwork Decision making Large Scale Distributed ProcessingLarge Scale Distributed Processing  

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LinksLinks http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/co/5269/1.htmlhttp://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/co/5269/1.html http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/ http://www.thestandard.com/article/0,1902,27573,00.htmlhttp://www.thestandard.com/article/0,1902,27573,00.html http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,44101,00.htmlhttp://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,44101,00.html http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/SmartDust/http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/SmartDust/ http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~glaser/Current%20Civil%20Applicatiohttp://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~glaser/Current%20Civil%20Applicatio

ns.pptns.ppt http://madmax.me.berkeley.edu/%7Eshadr/overview.htmlhttp://madmax.me.berkeley.edu/%7Eshadr/overview.html

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That is all folks!That is all folks!