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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVBABY RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT
What do babies do “socially”?NEWBORNS AND YOUNG BABIESCan express the following basic emotions but theses are not
triggered by people, per se, so they are not social DISTRESS JOY SADNESS SURPRISE ANGER FEAR
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVBABY RELATIONSHIPS
What do babies do “socially”?
6 WEEKS OLD
Can express the SOCIAL SMILE (in response to faces)
Hi!Hi!
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
BABY RELATIONSHIPS
What do babies do “socially”?
3-4 MONTHS OLD
Can express the SOCIAL LAUGH (in response to faces)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
BABY RELATIONSHIPS
What do babies do “socially”?
6-14 MONTHS OLD
SOME babies develop FEAR OF STRANGERS (depends on their TEMPERAMENT)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
BABY RELATIONSHIPS
What do babies do “socially”?
9-14 MONTHS OLD
SOME babies develop SEPARATION ANXIETY (this also depends on their TEMPERAMENT)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
BABY RELATIONSHIP STAGES
What do babies do “socially”?
8+ MONTHS OLDTypical babies begin showingSOCIAL REFERENCING
Next slide has a study….
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL REFERENCING STUDY
Sorce, Emde, Campos, & Klinnert (1985)Used the VISUAL CLIFF to see if babies would
cross if Mom
“said” it was alright.When mom smiled,
75% of babies crossed!When mom frowned,
NONE of the babies crossed over.
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
SOCIAL REFERENCING STUDYGewirtz, Pelaez-Nogueras, Diaz, & Villate (1990)Infants sat in front of puppet theater8 boxes of objects was accessible to Mom to
choose stimuliEach trial consisted of draping a white cloth over
the object and showing it in the puppet theaterNext, the infants looked at the covered object and
then their mother….
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV Moms were trained to provide two different cues but with
neutral facial expressions when baby looked at them: (a) closed fist on nose, or (b) open palms to cheeks
Then baby looked at now UNCOVERED object and were allowed to reach for it
In baseline, no programmed consequences (baby’s reached equally often regardless of cue
In treatment– (a) If baby reached for object after closed fist on nose, loud sounds
occurred (baby’s stopped reaching after this cue)– (b) If baby reached for object after open palms to cheeks, baby music
sounded (baby’s DID reach after this cue)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV Shows “social referencing” can be brought under
stimulus control Baby learned to “listen” to mommy when she indicated
“don’t reach” versus “ok to reach” the object. Why did the researchers use the initially neutral cues as
opposed to having the Mom smile or frown to signal “ok” or “not ok”?
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
What do babies do “socially”?
12 MONTHS OLD
Typical babies begin showing
“SELF-AWARENESS”DOT ON NOSE STUDY
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
“ATTACHMENT”
What is it?
Is it a two-way relationship?
Does it help development?
How is it measured? (see next…)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
“ATTACHMENT”
How is it measured?
-by PROXIMITY
-by EMOTIONAL REACTION
Where is it measured?
MARY AINSWORTH’S
“STRANGE SITUATION”
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVATTACHMENT TYPES
SECURE - 70% of infants INSECURE AVOIDANT – 15-20% of infants- ignores or avoids parents across the board INSECURE RESISTANT – 10% of infants- stays close to parents when in room but rebuffs parents
when they return after leaving INSECURE DISORGANIZED – 1-5%? of infants- infant seems dazed and upset by parents; likely result of
maltreatment
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
WHAT AFFECTS ATTACHMENT?
Sensitivity to infant needs (called GOODNESS OF FIT)
Infant temperament (more later…)Infant physical disabilitiesParent marital satisfactionPsychological stability of parentsEconomic stress
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT ATTACHMENT?
SECURE attachment is associated with the following:
Higher IQBetter problem solving skillsBetter child-child social
relationships (friends!)More independent
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
TEMPERAMENT
- A BABY’S INBORN DISPOSITION
- A BABY’S QUALITY OF EMOTIONAL REACTIONS
- CHESS & THOMAS’S NEW YORK LONGITUDINAL STUDY
- Next…
Darn.
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
TEMPERAMENT
Chess and Thomas recorded 4 broad temperament categories:
EASY (40%) SLOW TO WARM UP (15%) DIFFICULT (10%) AVERAGE (35%) – seems to be a
combination of other categories
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
TEMPERAMENT
Chess and Thomas also described 9 specific temperament types:
1. Activity level
2. Rhythmicity
3. Approach/withdrawal
4. Adaptability
5. (more on next slide…)
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
TEMPERAMENT
Chess and Thomas’s 9 specific temperament types:
5. Reaction intensity
6. Responsiveness threshold
7. Mood quality
8. Distractibility
9. Attention span
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITY
What is it? Differences from temperament?
When does a baby “have” a personality?
Where does it come from?
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITY
Evidence of nature / nurture on personality?
Where does it come from? (theories?) see next…
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITY – FREUD’S VIEW
Driven by psychosexual needs (LIBIDO)
Oral stage (first year) – yields what personality?
Anal stage (second year) – yields what personality?
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITY – ERICKSON
Driven by self-identity needs during “crises”
Trust vs. mistrust (first year and a half) – yields what personality? Definitely related to attachment!
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (2nd-3rd year) – yields what personality?
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITYBEHAVIORAL LEARNING
(Watson; Skinner)
Shaped by environmental consequences for actions (ex. A “neat” child is reinforced with parental praise)
Child learns to act a certain way because it has yielded desirable consequences
Child learns to NOT act a certain way because it has yielded UNdesirable consequences
“personality” is more related to learning to behave a certain way in a certain situation
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SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEVSOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DEV
PERSONALITYSOCIAL LEARNING
(Bandura)
Some of personality is learned through IMITATION (ex. An “aggressive”child may have become that way through observation and imitation of an aggressive father.)
Remember this is further affected by consequences for imitation