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Highway Engineering
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STRUCTURE DESIGN
:-
(No of lanes)
(Horizontal Curves)
(Intersections)
:-
(Soil Classification)
(Pavement Stresses)
(Pavement Design)
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Soil States
The stress strain response of a soil is highly affected by its
natural moisture content, its location with respect to the valueof Atterberg limits as shown in figure. The figure shows that
soil cannot support any stress if its natural moisture content is
more than the liquid limit (the soil is in liquid state). On the
other hand the soil can support more loads when the moisturecontent is less than its plastic limit(the soil is in the solid state).
0 SL PL LL
Solid Semi-Solid
Plastic Liquid
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Relationship
W LL
0 S
L
P
L
L
L
Solid Semi-
Solid
Plastic Liquid
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Classification
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SoilTests
Sieve Analysis Atterberge Limits
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0.0
6.5133.9237.3310.1374.3434.3517.3539.7
0.0
1.224.844.057.569.480.595.8
100.0
100.0
98.975.256.042.630.619.5
4.20.0
Sieve Analysis
9.54.752.361.180.600.30
0.150.075
Pan
0.0
6.5127.4103.4
72.864.260.083.022.4
Passing % Retain. % Retain. Retain Sieve
Cumulative.
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LIQUID LIMIT FLOW LINE
19
20
21
22
23
13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
NUMBER O F BLOWS
MOISTURECONTENT
Liquid Limits
LIQUID LIMIT UNITTRIAL NO.
1 2 3
TARE NO. 104 B 103
GROSS WET MASS g 58.240 49.460 51.270
GROSS DRY MASS g 54.070 46.130 48.770
MOISTURE MASS g 4.170 3.330 2.500
TARE MASS g 35.380 30.170 36.240
DRY SOIL MASS g 18.690 15.960 12.530
MOISTURE CONTENT % 22.31 20.86 19.95
NO. OF BLOWS 18 25 31
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PLASTIC LIMIT UNITSTRIAL NO.
1 2 3TARE NO. 3 P 7
GROSS WET MASS g 13.85 15.84 16.71
GROSS DRY MASS g 13.560 15.620 16.380
MOISTURE MASS g 0.290 0.220 0.330
TARE MASS g 11.77 14.23 14.29
DRY SOIL MASS g 1.790 1.390 2.090
MOISTURE CONTENT % 16.20 15.83 15.79
TEST SUMMARY
L.L P.L P.I
21.0 16.0 4.9
Plastic Limits
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Group Index (GI)
GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bdwhere:
a = F 35 (0 40)
b = F 15 (0 40)
c = LL 40 (0 20)
d = PI 10 (0 20)
Fis passing 200
PI = LL - PL
RatingGI
Excellen
t
0
Good1
Fair2-4
Poor5 -9
Very
Poor
10 - 20
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Classification
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PLLLNo. 200No. 40No. 10Sieve
33423055-(Soil A), %
15358596100(Soil B), %
Example
Soil A
%age passing No. 200 is 30% (< 35%)Soil is Course, It may be
A-1, A-2, A-3%age passing No. 40 is 55% Soil could be A-2, or A-3
%age passing No. 200 is 30% (>10%)Soil is A-2 Using Chart to
deter. Type
Soil is (A
2- 5)GI = 0.2a + 0.005 ac + 0.01 bd
a = 30 35 = 0
b = 30 15 = 15
c = 42 40 = 2
d = 9
10 = 0
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LL
PI
A -6A 2-6
A-4A 2-4
A - 7 - 6
A - 7 5A 2 -7
A-5A -2-5
10
40
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Example
%age passing No. 200 is 86% (>35%) Soil is Fine, It may be A-
4, A-5, A-6, A-7
Diagonal line is (LL 30 = 70 30 = 40) PI = 32 < 40, and
Using the figure soil is (A 7- 5)
GI = 0.2a + 0.005 ac + 0.01 bda = 86 35 = 51 (40)
b = 86 15 = 71 (40)
c = 70 40 = 30 (20)
d = 32
10 = 22 (20)GI = 0.2*51+ 0.005*51*30+0.01*71*22= 33.47(very poor)
GI = 0.2*40 + 0.005*40*20 + 0.01*40*20=20 (very poor)
Soil is (A 7- 5) (33.47)
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