1st Semester Midterm

18.What are the 4 main macromolecules and give their main function? (pages 45-47)

• Carbohydrates-

• Proteins-

• Lipids-

• Nucleic acid-

energyForms bones & muscle

stores fat

DNA

19.Draw the 4 different macromolecule structures. (pages 45-47)

• (lipid-row of carbons with H above and below)

•Carbohydrate C+H+O

19. Cont.

• Proteins C+H+O+N

•Nucleic acid (phosphate)

20. What are the SPONCH elements? (notes) • Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen,

Carbon & Hydrogen

21. What are the pH levels and what they mean? (p.43)

• 0-3 4-6 7 8-10 11-13

• Very slightly neutral slightly very

• acidic acidic basic basic

22. Define the terms: (page 45) • Monomer- smallest unit-that combines to make

polymersPolymer- large compound made up of

monomers

Macromolecule- giant molecules made of many polymers

23.What are the monomers/basic building blocks for the following? (pages 45-47)

• Carbohydrate- Sugar molecules/glucose/monosaccharides

Lipid- fatty acids & glycerol Protein- ( enzymes) amino acids Nucleic acid- nucleotides

24. Describe the enzyme process. (p. 52-53)

• An enzyme (which is a type of protein) binds to a SPECIFIC substrate (like a puzzle piece or lock & key. It only can catalyze 1 type of substrate)

• Substrate reaction produces a product• When product produced the enzyme is released

to repeat. • Enzyme does not change only the substrate.

25. Describe the main function of the enzyme (it’s a type of protein). (page 51)

• is a catalysts that speeds up reactions

26. What affects the reaction of an enzyme?

(page 53) • Temperature, pH & concentration can

affect the catalyzing of an enzyme

27.Make a Venn diagram of animal and plant cells. (pages 174-181)

• Cell wall ER centrioles • Chloroplasts Mitochondria possibly lysosomes • Brick like shape cell membrane Varies in shape

1 large vacuole bound Nucleus small vacuoles• Cytoplasm • golgi• ribosomes

Plant cell Both •Animal cell

28.Define semi-permeable.• also called selectively permeable refers to

the cells and nuclear membranes ability to let only selected substances come in and out in an attempt to stay in homeostasis

29. Describe the function of the following organelles: (pages 174-180)

• Cell membrane-

• Cytoplasm-

• Nucleus •-Control center of the cell

Semi-permeable outer layer of cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell

•space within cell

29 Cont.

• Rough ER-

•Golgi Body-

•Ribosomes- makes proteins

-transports proteins that ribosomes make and materials throughout the cell

•modifies, packages and distributes proteins

29. Cont.

• Mitochondria-

•Smooth ER--

•Vacuole-

makes and modifies lipidsMakes energy (ATP) for the cell by breaking down glucose

•stores water and material for the cell •1 large one in plant—smaller ones in animals

29. Cont. Chloroplasts-Absorbs and uses sunlight in plant cells

& photosynthesis occurs here

Cell Wall- Outside of a plant cell that gives support & protection-gives box-like shape

30. Define and describe the passive transport methods:(p183-186)

• Passive transport is the moving of molecules WITHOUT energy

• from high to low concentration (crowded to not crowded areas)

• The 3 types are below

30.Cont.Diffusion-

facilitated diffusion

•High to low concentration movement of small particles through the membrane without energy

High to low concentration movement of larger particles through channel proteins in the membrane without energy

30. cont.• -osmosis-

diffusion of water -water moves to areas of high concentration of water molecules (low concentration of solute) to low concentration of water molecules(high concentration of solute)

30. cont

• -turgor •filling of the vacuole in a plant cell

high-full vacuole= •healthy plant

low-empty vacuole= •wilting and plasmolysis

31. What are the 2 layers of the cell membrane made of and where are the polar heads facing and where do the nonpolar tails facing? Who likes water and who doesn’t?

• Phospholipid bilayer with the polar heads facing inside and outside of the cell (loves water) and the nonpolar tails on the inside of the membrane (hates water)

32. Define and describe the active transport

methods:• *Active transport requires ENERGY and goes

from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Endocytosis and exocytosis are forms of active transport

32. Cont.• - Endocytosis-

• -Exocytosis-

Taking of large particles or cells into the cell requires energy

•removing (exiting) of particles out of the cell requires energy

33. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

• 6CO2 + 6H2O + (sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6O2• 6 carbon dioxides + 6 waters with sunlight are the

reactants producing 1 glucose and 6 oxygen

34. What organelle does photosynthesis occur in?• Chloroplast

35. Where does the light dependent process occur ?• Thykaloid discs where the chlorophyll

absorbs light except for reflecting green

•What goes in? H2O

What comes out? O2

36. What goes in and comes out of the light dependent/Calvin

cycle?CO2 comes in and C6H12O6 comes out

37. Write the cell respiration equation. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

• 1glucose + 6 oxygen molecules= 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 water molecules & ATP/energy

38. What are the 3 processes in aerobic cell respiration and the amount of ATP produced.

• in order:• Glycolysis-• Kreb cycle-• ETC-• Total-

cytoplasm 2 ATP

Mitochondria 2ATPMitochondria 32ATP

36ATP in aerobic cellular respiration

***Anaerobic (without oxygen)

Only nets 2 ATP