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Manufacture

substances in industry

Chapter 9

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Sulhuricacid

uses

Environmentalpollution by 

sulphurdioxide

Manufacture

( ContactProcess)

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uses

uses

Manuf acture 

of detergents

Manuf acture of artif icial

f ibers

Leather

tanning

Manuf acture 

of paint

Production of  fertilizer

As electrolyte 

in car

batteries

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Contact Process

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Stage 1Preparation

andpurif ication of  sulfur dioxide 

S (l) + O2(g) SO2(g)

Stage 2 Catalytic oxidation 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g)

Stage 3

Conversion of  sulfur trioxide 

to sulfuricacid

H2SO4(l) + SO3 H2S2O7(l)

H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2 H2SO4(l)

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Molten sulphur ² burnt in dry air to produceSO2 ² SO2 purified and cooled.

-The gas mixture of sulphur dioxide, SO,

and oxygen is passed over vanadium(V) oxide,VO, (catalyst) at a temperature of 450-500C and under the pressure at 1

atmosphere.

-Sulphuric trioxide, SO, gas is dissolved inconcentrated sulphuric acid, HSO, to formoleum, HSO. Water is then added to the

oleum, HSO, to dilute it to produce

sulphuric acid, HSO

.

Contact Process

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Acid rains

W ater pollution

Soil

pollution

SO2

release from

factory and vehicles SO2 react with O2

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Describe these Pictures

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Made of what?Made of what?

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These Pictures?These Pictures?

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AmmoniaAmmonia

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ammonia

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-NITRIC ACID

-HOUSEHOLD

CLEANERS

-PLASTICS

- FERTILIZERS

- EXPLOSIVES

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Uses of ammonia

 Nitrogenous fertilizers

ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea 

 Cooling agentin refrigerator

Raw material to

produce nitric acid in

Oswald process

 Manufacture of 

explosive such as

trinitrotoluene (T NT)

 As an alkali to prevent

the coagulation of latex 

To produce

electrolytes in dry cells.

 Manufacture of dyes

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Properties of Ammonia

Properties of ammonia,

NH3

 Pungentsmell

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Haber processHaber process

Nitrogen gas, N2 f rom the 

f ractional distillation of air

Hydrogen gas, H2 f rom a

natural gas, methane, CH4

In ratio of 1:3

Catalyst Chamber

Temperature : 450-500 celciusPressure : 200-500 atmosphere

Catalyst : Iron filings, Fe

N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Condenser

The gas mixture is cooled at

-50 degree celciusAmmonia solution, 

NH3(aq), is f ormed

N2 gas and H2

gas unreacted

will f lowed

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Haber processHaber process

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HABER PROCESS

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Q uestions 

1. What does the Haber process produce?

2. From where is the hydrogen obtained?

3. From where is the nitrogen obtained?

4. Write the word and symbol equation for making ammonia

5. What is the catalyst used?

6. What temperature and pressure are chosen for the process?

7. State the uses of ammonia?

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MAKING FERTILIZERS FROM MAKING FERTILIZERS FROM 

AMMONIAAMMONIA

A concentrated solution of ammonia can beA concentrated solution of ammonia can beused as aused as a fertiliserfertiliser

Being a base, ammonia isBeing a base, ammonia is neutralisedneutralised by acidsby acids

to yield ammonium saltsto yield ammonium salts(a) Ammonia + nitric acid(a) Ammonia + nitric acid ammonium nitrateammonium nitrate(b) Ammonia +(b) Ammonia + sulphuricsulphuric acidacid ammoniumammonium

sulphatesulphate

(c) Ammonia + phosphoric acid(c) Ammonia + phosphoric acid ammoniumammoniumphosphatephosphate

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Making fertiliser in the labMaking fertiliser in the lab

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WORKSHEET 2 

Activity : making ammonium sulphate fertiliser 

Apparatus and Materials :

Procedure :

1. Collect 25 cm3 of ammonia solution in a small conical flask.

2. Add dilute sulphuric acid, 1 cm3 at a time, from a burette. After adding each cm3

of acid, swirl your flask. Dip a glass rod into the solution. Then test a drop of thesolution on a piece of blue litmus paper.

3. Keep adding acid until the litmus just turns pink.

4. Then pour the solution into an evaporating dish.

5. Heat it on a water bath until about half of the solution has evaporated off. (Don¶tlet it boil dry.)

6. Leave the rest of the solution to evaporate off slowly.