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1. SUN DIRECTION
Because the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the side of the building that
is utilized for solar gain needs to be facing the south to take maximum
advantage of the sun’s potential energy. If the building’s axis is located on the
east-west direction with its longest dimension facing the south, more of the
building is situated to absorb the sun’s heat energy.
South- direct light from sun (glaze), heat in winters
North-shadow less light, minimum heat
East-morning sun glaze, moderate heat
West- evening sun glaze, maximum heat
2. INSULATION
Buildings generally have three kinds of insulation- heat insulation, sound
insulation and water proofing.
2.1. Heat insulation
Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for any purpose.
While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, that’s why
heat insulation is commonly known as ‘insulation’.
HEAT INSULATION MATERIALS/TECHNIQUES IN BUILDING
Terrace garden/green roofs
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Mud-Phuska
Bricks
White tiles on roof
Cavity walls
Sandwich wall
2.2. Sound insulation (acoustics)
Basically, sound insulation covers the measures to be taken in order to minimize
the harmful effects of noise on the humans. Noise is a collection of irregularly
shaped undesirable sounds at different elements of frequency, and usually varies
depending on time.
Glass wool
Rock wool
Foamed plastic
Quiet batt
Wood wool
Soft polyurethane foam
Melamine foam
Perforated metals
Perforated wood
Perforated gypsum board
2.3. Water proofing
Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or
water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the
ingress of water under specified conditions.
Cementitious Waterproofing
Liquid Waterproofing Membrane
Bituminous Membrane
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Bituminous Coating
Polyurethane Liquid Membrane
3. MATERIAL
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many
naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs
and leaves, have been used to construct buildings.
Soil – SUN BAKED BRICKS, FIRED BRICKS, CERAMIC TILES
Wood
Stone – MARVEL, GRANITE, KOTA STONE, SAND STONE, IPS
Cement
Metal- IRON, STEEL, ALUMINIUM
Glass
Fibre
Fabric
4. TEXTURE/FINISH/COLOUR
4.1. Textures
The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.
Wooden
Non slippery
Non abrasive
Granular
Linear
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Checked
Woven
Clean
Broken
4.2. Surface finishes
Surface finish, also known as surface texture or surface topography, is the nature
of a surface as defined by the three characteristics of lay, surface roughness, and
waviness.
VARIOUS SURFACE FINISHES
Rough
Eggshell
Matte
Smooth
Polished
Glossy
Highly glossy
Reflective
4.3. Colour
Primary colours
RED, BLUE, YELLOW
Secondary colours
ORANGE, GREEN, VIOLET
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Tertiary colours
Achromatic colours
BLACK, WHITE, BROWN, GREY
Monochromatic colours
Monochromatic colour schemes are derived from a single base hue and
extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by
adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker
colour, grey or black.
Colour harmony
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5. STRUCTURE
Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling
and constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and
transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable
stresses in the members.
Post and lintel
Framed
Masonry walls (Load bearing wall)
Arch structures
Suspension
Truss
6. BUILDINGS
6.1. Indus valley civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze
Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE) mainly in the north-western regions of the Indian
subcontinent. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three
early cradles of civilisations of the Old World, and of the three, the most
widespread.
Major urban centres of the settlement
Harappa
Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
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Dholavira
Ganeriwala
Rakhigarhi
Major features of the settlement
The advanced systems of sewerage and drainage.
The advanced architecture of the harappans is shown by their impressive
dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.
6.2. Buddhist architecture
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent. Three types
of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer
halls (chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which later came to be called
temples in some places.
Famous buildings
Sanchi stupa (Madhya Pradesh).
chaitya-grihas Ajanta Caves & Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
Mahabodhi Temple (Bodh Gaya,Bihar)
6.3. Hindu temple architecture
Hindu temple architecture as the main form of Hindu architecture has many
varieties of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu temple remains the same,
with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha or womb-chamber,
where the primary Murti or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell.
The shrine building often includes an ambulatory
for parikrama (circumambulation), a mandapa congregation hall, and
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sometimes an antarala antechamber and porch between garbhagrihA and
mandapa.
NAGARA STYLE TEMPLES
Sun Temple at Konark
Jagannath temple at Puri
Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar
Kandriya Mahadeva temple
Laksman Temple at Khajuraho etc.
Modhera Sun temple, Gujarat
DRAVIDA STYLE TEMPLES
Dharamraj Rath,Hampi
Shore temple at Mahabalipuram, (TN)
Kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram
Brihadeshwara temple at Thanjavur
Meenakshi- Sundareswara temple at Madurai
VESARA STYLE TEMPLES
Lad Khan temple at aihole
Temples at Badami
Virupaksha temple – Pattadakal
Hoysala temples at Karnataka
6.4. Delhi Sultanate architecture
Famous Delhi Sultanate Monuments
Qutub Minar complex, Delhi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
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Tomb of Balban, Delhi
Mausoleum of Iltutmish, Delhi
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer, Rajasthan
Jama Mosque, Gulbarga
Tomb of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah, Gulbarga
Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur Golkunda
Charminar, Hyderabad
6.5. Mughal architecture
Famous Mughal Monuments
Humayu’s wife Hamida Banu Begum
Humayun‟s Tomb, Delhi
Akbar
Agra Fort, Agra
Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri
Jodha Bai‟s Palace, Fatehpur Sikri
Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Fatehpur Sikri
Jahangir’s wife Noor Jahan
Tomb of I‟timād-ud-Daulah, Agra
Shah Jahan
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Taj Mahal, Agra
Jama Masjid, Delhi
Red fort, Delhi
City of Shahjahanabad
Aurangjeb
Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad
Famous Mughal gardens
Bagh-e-Babur at Kabul
Mehtab Bagh gardens at the Taj Mahal,
Gardens at Humayun's Tomb,
Shalimar Gardens at Lahore
Khusro Bagh at Prayagraj
Pinjore Gardens at Haryana
The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir is UNESCO World
Heritage Sites in India.
Pari Mahal
Nishat Bagh
Shalimar Bagh
Chashme Shahi
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Verinag Garden
Achabal Gardens
6.6. British architecture
The British arrived in 1615 and colonized many cities since then which were
Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, and Delhi. Which saw the rise of indo-saracenic
revival architecture during this period.
Famous buildings
Madras high court, Chennai
Rashtrapati bhavan, New Delhi
Parliament, New Delhi
North block, New Delhi
Victoria memorial, Kolkata
Gateway of India, Mumbai
The victoria terminus, Mumbai
6.7. Modern architecture
Rashtrapati Niwas (Viceregal Lodge), Henry Irwin, Shimla
Secretariats by Herbert Baker, New Delhi
Sangath (Doshi‟s Atlier) by Barkrishna Doshi, Ahmadabad
STC Building by Raj Rewal, New Delhi
Capitol Complex, Chandigarh
Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Lotus Temple, New Delhi
Auroville Dome, Puducherry
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IIM Ahmedabad, Louis Kahn
IIM bangalore
7. ARCHITECTS AND AWARDS
7.1. Indian architects
B. V. Doshi
He won the prestigious Nobel for architecture „He is considered to be an
important figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the
evolution of architectural discourse in India.
Charles Correa
Hafeez Contractor
Raj Rewal
Christopher Charles Benninger
Brinda Somaya
Sheila Sri Prakash
Laurie Baker
Achyut Kanvinde
Chitra Vishwanath
7.2. Architects who worked in India
Edwin Lutyens (New Delhi)
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Herbert baker (parliament, New Delhi)
Robert Tor Russel (Connaught Place, New Delhi)
Joseph Allen Stein (India International Centre, Delhi)
Le Corbusier (Chandigarh)
Louis Kahn (Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad)
Henry Irwin (Madras high court, Chennai)
7.3. Architecture awards
Pritzker Architecture Prize
The Pritzker Architecture Prize was founded by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife, Cindy,
in 1979 to “honour a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates
a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has
produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built
environment through the art of architecture.”
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture
The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA), established by Aga Khan IV in
1977, is awarded every three years to an architectural project that meets the
needs and preferences of Islamic societies. The Award seeks to identify and
encourage architectural concepts in the fields of community development, area
conservation, contemporary design, preservation of the environment and
landscape design.
AIA Gold Medal
The Gold Medal is the highest annual honour awarded by the American Institute
of Architects. It acknowledges an individual whose significant body of work has a
lasting influence on architecture.
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RIBA
The RIBA International Award is awarded by the Royal Institute of British
Architects to buildings across the UK and around the world. The Award has been
given annually over the last 50 years to people who achieved innovations in
architecture, regardless of the form, size or budget.
UIA Gold Medal
Since 1984 the organization also awards the UIA Gold Medal to honour an
architect (or group of architects) having distinguished themselves through their
work and professional practice by the quality of services rendered to man and
society. The UIA Gold Medal is awarded every three years and its winner
honoured during an official ceremony at the UIA world congress of architecture.
8. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)
GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)
HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation)
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
NBC (National building code)
NGT (National Green Tribunal)