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1
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Open System (Control Volume)
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First low of thermodynamics for open Systems
Reminder of an open System.Open system = Control volume
It is a properly selected region in space.
Mass and energy can cross its boundary.
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Control volume involves two main processes
Steady flow processes. Fluid flows through the control volume
steadily. Its properties are experiencing no
change with time at a fixed position.
Unsteady flow processes. Fluid properties are changing with time.
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Mass balance for steady flow processes
We already showed that for steady flow
Many engineering devices involve a single stream (one inlet and one exit only).
mm ei
21 mm
22211 VAVA or 1
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Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
2 21 1( ) ( )
2 2e e i iQ W m h V gz m h V gz
sysoutin EEE outin EE
in in i i out out e eQ W m Q W m
2 21 1( ) ( )
2 2in out in out e e i iQ Q W W m Pv u V gz m Pv u V gz
2 21 1( ) ( )
2 2e e i iQ W m Pv u V gz m Pv u V gz
0
, ,in in mass in out out mass outQ W E Q W E
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Let us look at some common steady flow devices
Only one in and one outMore than one inlet and exit
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For single stream steady flow devices, the 1st low becomes
ee
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hmzgV
hmWQ22
22
Often the change in kinetic energy and potential energy is small.
ei i eQ W m h m h
ie hhwq Per unit mass
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Nozzles
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure
222111 AVAV
2
1
2
112 A
AVV
A1 A2
gasspeedlowfor
liquidsfor
21
21
12 VV
21 AA
9
A1 A2
Diffusers
A diffuser is a device that slows down the velocity of a fluid causing an increase in its pressure
12 VV
222111 AVAV
2
1
2
112 A
AVV
gasspeedlowfor
liquidsfor
21
21
21 AA
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Diffusers
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Nozzles and Diffusers (1st low analysis)
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ie zzgVV
hhmWQ2
22
Is there work in this system?NOIs there heat transfer?
In fact, it depends on the problem!
Does the fluid change elevation?NO
2
022
ie
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VVhh
?m the to happened What:Q Ans: It is divided out
let us say: NO
12
22
22
ee
ii
Vh
Vh
How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?
In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy
torearrangedbecanwhich
222111 AVAVm
2
22
1
11
v
AV
v
AVm
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Example (4-9): Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser
Air at 10oC and 80 kpa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compare to the inlet velocity.
Determine(1) The mass flow rate of the air and(2) The temperature of the air leaving the diffuser.
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Example (4-10): Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle
Steam at 1.72 Mpa (250 psia) and 371C (700 F) steadily enters a nozzle whose inlet area is 0.019 m2 (0.2 ft2.) The mass flow rate of the steam through the nozzle is 4.54 kg/s (10 lbm/s) . Steam leaves the nozzle at 1.38 Mpa (200 psia) with a velocity of 274.3 m/s (900 ft/s). The heat losses from the nozzle per unit mass of the steam are estimated to be 2.8 KJ/kg (1.2 Btu/lbm). Determine:(a) the inlet velocity and (b) the exit temperature of the steam.
Answers: a) 41.0 m/s or 134.4 ft/s,b) 350 C or 661.9 F
Solution of Example: Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle
Note that there is heat transfer (Q).So, you have to go back to the general form of the 1st low for single stream devices and get the following:
22
22e
ei
i
Vh
Vhq
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Turbines A turbine is a device that produces work at the expense of temperature and pressure.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades, which are attached to a shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.
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19
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CompressorsA compressor is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid by adding work to the system.
Work is supplied from an external source through a rotating shaft.
Compressor
Inlet
Exit
Win
21
22
23
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ie zzgVV
hhmWQ2
22
Turbines and Compressors
Is there work in this system? Yes!
Is there heat transfer? Negligible because of insulation. Exception: Internal cooling in some compressors.
Does the fluid change elevation? NO
Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored
)W(hhm ieW )kg/kJ(hhw ie
25
Example (4-12): Power Generation by a Steam Turbine
The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and the exit conditions of the steam are as indicated in the figure on the right.
a) Compare the magnitude of h, ke, and pe.
b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine.
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
Answers: a) h = -885.9 kJ/kg,
ke = 14.95 kJ/kg, pe = -0.04 kJ/kg,
b) 871.0 kJ/kg, and c) 5.74 kg/s
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Throttling Valve
A throttling valve reduces the fluid pressure.
P1>P2
It is small device and thus the flow through it may be assumed adiabatic (q=0) since there is neither sufficient time nor large enough area for any effective heat transfer to occur.
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ieie
ie zzgVV
hhmWQ2
22
Throttling Valve
Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? NO
Does the fluid change velocity? Usually it can be ignored
0 e i e ih h h h
isenthalpic device
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What happens to the fluid temperature a cross throttling Valves ?
21 hh
222111 vpuvpu
Tuuvpvpif 121122
Tuuvpvpif 121122
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Throttling Valves (incompressible substance )
For incompressible substance (like water), is constant
21 vv 21 PP
risewillT
uuvpvp
121122
and222111 vpuvpu
For incompressible substance only!
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Throttling Valves (compressible substance: Vapor)Example (4-13): Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a Refrigerator
Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa.
Determine the quality of the refrigerant at the final state and the temperature drop during this process. <Answers: 0.339, -53.69oC>
Solution of Example: Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a Refrigerator
Notice that T2 <T1
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Throttling Valves (Compressible substance: an Ideal Gas) What happens if the gas is ideal? For ideal gases
h = Cp T But h = 0 So… T = 0 The inlet and outlet temperatures are the same!!!
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Mixing ChamberMixing two or more fluids is a common engineering process
The mixing chamber does not have to be a distinct “chamber.” An ordinary T-elbow, or a Y-elbow in a shower, for example, serves as the mixing chamber for the cold- and hot-water streams as shown in the figure (Left).
Mixing Chamber
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Mixing Chamber
ii
iiee
eegz
Vhmgz
Vhmnetnet WQ
22
22
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream
Is there any work done? No
Is there any heat transferred? No
Is there a velocity change? No
Is there an elevation change? No
iieehmhm0
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Mixing Chamber
Material Balance
Energy balance
eim m
321 mmm
Mixing ChamberMixing Chamber
i e eim h m h
332211 hmhmhm
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Example(4-14): Mixing of Hot and Cold Waters in a Shower
Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 140oF is mixed with cold water at 50oF. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 110oF be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 20 psia.
<Answer: 2.0>
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Heat Exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device where two moving fluids exchange heat without mixing.
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Heat Exchangers
Your analysis approach will depend on how you define your system
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Heat Exchangers System (a): entire HX
Mass Balance Divide into two separate
streams with equal inlet and outlet flow rates
Energy balance Two inlets Two outlets
1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4m h m h m h m h
1 2 3 4,m m m m
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Heat Exchangers System (b): Single stream
Mass Balance Considering one single
stream with one inlet and one outlet flow rates
Energy balance One inlet One outlet Plus heat transfer
2 2 1 1Q m h m h
1 2m m
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Example: Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by Water
Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70oC and leaves at 35oC. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15oC and leaves at 25oC. Neglecting any pressure drop, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from the refrigerant to water.
<Answers: a) 0.486 kg/s, b) 20.35 kJ/s>