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The Psychological Therapies
Module 52
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Therapy
The Psychological Therapies Psychoanalysis
Humanistic Therapies
Behavior Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Group and Family Therapies
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History of Insane Treatment
Maltreatment of the insane throughout the ages. Many patients were given
dangerous treatments.
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History of Insane Treatment
Pinel in France and Dix in America founded humane movements to care for
the mentally sick.
http://wwwihm
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Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) Dorthea Dix (1745-1826)
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Therapies
Psychotherapy involves an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient.
Biomedical therapy uses drugs or other procedures that act on the patient’s
nervous system curing him of psychological disorders.
An eclectic approach uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the
client’s unique problems.
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Psychological Therapies
We will look at four major forms of psychotherapy based on different
theories on human nature:
1. Psychoanalytical theory
2. Humanistic theory3. Behavioral theory4. Cognitive theory
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Psychoanalysis
The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud's famous couch
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Psychoanalysis: Aims
the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious
awareness where the patient can deal with them.
When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflict is released, the patient’s anxiety
lessens.
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Psychoanalysis: Methods
Dissatisfied with hypnosis, Freud developed the method of free association to unravel the
unconscious mind and its conflicts.
The patient lies on a couch and speaks whatever comes to his mind.
http://w
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Psychoanalysis: Methods
During free association, the patient expresses resistance that becomes
important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.
Eventually the patient projects thoughts at the therapist, developing positive or
negative feelings (transference) towards him.
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Psychoanalysis: Criticisms
1. Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven (non-scientific).
2. Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive.
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Behavior Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
There is no looking for inner causes.
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Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning: a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that
trigger unwanted behaviors.
It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive
conditioning.
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Exposure Therapy
Exposes patients to things they fear and
avoid.
Through repeated exposures anxiety
lessens because they habituate to the things feared.
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Exposure Therapy
Exposure therapy involves exposing people to (fear of driving) objects in real or virtual
environments.
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Systematic DesensitizationA type of exposure therapy that associates
a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias.
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Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted
behavior.
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded and
undesired behaviors are not or are punished.
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Token Economy
In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy, where a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for
various privileges or treats.
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Cognitive Therapy
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and
our emotional reactions.
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Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be
happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as
major causes for their depression.
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Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Rabin et al., (1986) trained depressed patients to daily
record positive events and relate how they contributed to these events. Compared to
other depressed patients, trained patients showed lower depression
scores.
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeating thinking with
efforts to modify behavior.
Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive
therapy).
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Group Therapy
Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people and a 90-minute session which can help more people and cost less.
Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems.
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Family Therapy
Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members
toward positive relationships and improved communication.