Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Panel: Defining Essential Ocean Variables for Biogeochemistry 1. The role of ocean biogeochemistry in climate • How is the ocean carbon content changing? • How does the ocean influence cycles of non-CO 2 greenhouse gases? 2. Human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry • How large are the ocean’s “dead zones” and how fast are they changing? • What are rates and impacts of ocean acidification? 3. Ocean ecosystem health • Is the biomass/production of the ocean changing? • How does eutrophication and pollution impact ocean productivity and water quality?
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Future Ocean Biogeochemistry Panel: Defining Essential Ocean Variables for Biogeochemistry
1. The role of ocean biogeochemistry in climate • How is the ocean carbon content changing? • How does the ocean influence cycles of non-CO2
greenhouse gases? 2. Human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry
• How large are the ocean’s “dead zones” and how fast are they changing?
• What are rates and impacts of ocean acidification?
3. Ocean ecosystem health • Is the biomass/production of the ocean changing? • How does eutrophication and pollution impact ocean
productivity and water quality?
Oxygen
Macronutrients
CO2 system
Tracers
Particulate Matter Export
Suspended Particulates
13C
N2O, Dissolved Organics
Bio-optics 14C Trace
Nutrients
Pigments
Oxygen Isotopes
Methane
DMS
Dissolution rates
Radium, Radon, Halocarbons
Impa
ct
10
5
10 5 0
0 Feasibility
Essential Ocean Variables, GOOS/IOC
SOTS
SOOP NRS
FLOATS
Optode calibration
Dissolved oxygen calibration • system designed and built
• water jacketed chamber for temperature control to ± 0.01°C over T range = 1 to 35°C • gas mixing and bubbling for O2 saturation = 0 to 110% • Reference: Winkler titrations ± 0.6 µmol/l compared to saturation • up to 20 optodes per calibration run
O2 sensor - climatology comparison
Luke Wallace, CSIRO-IMOS
Maria Island
Maria Island
Solid State pH sensors
SOTS Ultra-violet nitrate sensors Satlantic ISUS Deployed on Pulse Mooring at SOTS. noisy with manufacturer’s biofouling guard augmented with Cu-Ni and MQ flushing next deployment pumped, and longer (less frequent) lamp times Deployed on RV Marion Dufresne and Aurora Australis ship supply plumbed to run frequent standardizations linear responses common, but offsets can be severe and time varying (e.g. 2-3uM overnight in lab). Very steady (0.5 uM) during KEOPS2 with full instrument held in near constant T waters with daily wiping of window and reprocessing of spectra using CTD salinity. Satlantic SUNA ACE CRC purchased 1 for use on MNF Triaxus – to be backed by underway sampling and calibration during retrievals – SOTS TEST SOON CSIRO purchased 2 mounted on Bio-Argo floats – not yet calibrated or deployed US SOCCOM plans SUNA deployments on 200 profiling floats
Other Instruments: NOCSUV-6, ?
Bioprofilers(WETLABS FLBBAP2, MCOM) M. Grenier, A. Della Penna, and T.W. Trull, Autonomous profiling float observations of the high biomass plume downstream of the Kerguelen plateau in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 2015 Anti-biofouling missions Deep drift evaluation Quenching corrections Zhang et al. 2009 water correction Sullivan and Twardoski, 2009 hemispherical scaling SOCCOM and SOCLIM collaborations – need sampling calibrations
SOCCOM float missions are not process oriented or local
SBE 63
Optodes
Luminecsence quenching Sensing foil – platinum porphyrine complex Blue-green light absorbed by sensing foil (lumiphore) Lumiphore emits light at red wavelengths. The delay in the emission of red light depends on the presence of oxygen
