1

Tourism Tourism

Has there always been

tourists?

2

The word tourism is quite The word tourism is quite newnew

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist Hermann Von Schullard in 1910, who defined it as, "sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.”

3

But people staying places in But people staying places in different places for pleasure is different places for pleasure is

not new at allnot new at allIn the first century AD, Baia near Naples was a tourist resort for the Romans, at the end of the Roman Empire This is the archaeological

garden which contains the remains of the Roman settlement

4

PilgrimagesPilgrimagesAlthough undertaken primarily for religious reasons, the pilgrims in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales quite clearly saw the experience as a kind of holiday – (the term itself being derived from the

'holy day' and its associated leisure activities).

Pilgrimages created a variety of tourist aspects that still exist – – bringing back souvenirs, – obtaining credit with foreign banks (in medieval times utilising

international networks established by Jews and Lombards), and – making use of space available on existing forms of transport (such

as the use of medieval English wine ships bound for Vigo by pilgrims to Santiago De Compostela).

Pilgrimages are still important in modern tourism - such as to Lourdes or Knock in Ireland. And there are modern equivalents - Graceland and the grave of Jim Morrison in Père Lachaise Cemetery

5

The Grand TourThe Grand TourDuring the seventeenth century, it became fashionable in England to undertake a Grand Tour. The sons of the nobility and gentry were sent upon an extended tour of Europe as an educational experience. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the Grand Tour, and many of the fashionable visitors were painted at Rome by Pompeo Batoni. A modern equivalent of the Grand Tour is the phenomenon of the backpacker!

Charles Crowle visiting Italy in the 18th century

6

Health TourismHealth TourismHealth tourism has always existed, but it was not until the eighteenth century that it became important. In England, it was associated with spas, places with supposedly health-giving mineral waters, treating diseases from gout to liver disorders and bronchitis.

Bath was the most fashionable resort, but Buxton, Harrogate, and Tunbridge Wells, amongst others, also flourished. Of course, people visited these places for the balls and other entertainments, just as much as 'the waters'. Continental Spas such as Karlsbad attracted many fashionable travellers by the nineteenth century.Near the Baths,

Pump Room Loggia, Baldwin 1786

7

The start of Seaside HolidaysThe start of Seaside HolidaysIt could be argued that Britain was the home of the seaside holiday. In travelling to the coast, the population was following in the steps of Royalty. King George III made regular visits to Weymouth when in poor health. At the time, a number of doctors argued the benefits of bathing in sea water, and sea bathing as a widespread practice was popularised by the Prince Regent (later George IV), who frequented Brighton for this purpose.

Weymouth Bay by Constable (1816)

8

Leisure Leisure TravelTravel

The UK was the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At Nice, one of the first established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long seafront walk is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; In many other resorts in continental Europe, old well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic - reflecting the large number of English customers.

Hotel Bristol in Warsaw

9

Mass travelMass travelMass travel could only develop when:there were improvements in technology allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, and greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

Thomas CookThomas CookOn 5 July 1841, Mr Cook organized the first package tour in history. He arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling per person for a group of 570 temperance campaigners from Leicester to a rally in Loughborough, eleven miles away. There had been railway excursions before, but this one included entrance to an entertainment held in private grounds, rail tickets and food for the train journey.

10

Thomas CookThomas CookCook immediately saw the potential of a convenient 'off the peg' holiday product in which everything was included in one cost. He organised packages inclusive of accommodation for the Great Exhibition, Afterwards he pioneered package holidays – in both Britain (particularly in Scotland)

and – on the European continent (where Paris

and the Alps were the most popular destinations).

By 1872 Thomas Cook & Son was able to offer a 212 day Round the World Tour for 200 guineas (£210). The journey included a steamship across the Atlantic, a stage coach from the east to the west coast of America, a paddle steamer to Japan, and an overland journey across China and India.

11

Mass travel spreadsMass travel spreadsThe Bank Holidays Act 1871 introduced a statutory right for workers to take holidays, even if they were not paid at the time. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the tradition of the working class holiday had become firmly established in Britain. These were largely focussed upon the seaside resorts.

The railways made travel easierThe railways made travel easierThe spread of the railways resulted in the growth of Britain's seaside towns by bringing them within easy distance of Britain's urban centres. Blackpool was created by the construction of a line to Fleetwood. Some resorts were promoted by the railway companies themselves – Morecambe by the Midland Railway and Cleethorpes by the Great Central Railway.

12

Paid holidaysPaid holidays

1.5 million manual workers in Britain had paid holidays by 1925 11 million by 1939 (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)Also resorts for working people grew on the continent– Ostend (for the people of Brussels), and – Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) and – Deauville (Calvados) (for Parisians).

13

Holiday centresHoliday centresThe ‘holiday camp’ began to appear in the 1930s, but this phenomenon really expanded in the post-war period. Butlins and Pontins set this trend, but their popularity waned with the rise of overseas package tours and the increasing comforts to which visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the 20th century this market has been revived by the upmarket inland resorts of Dutch company Center Parcs.

14

The start of mass foreign travelThe start of mass foreign travelIt all began with the growth of air travel after World War Two. Just after World War II, there were too many transport planes and too many unemployed pilots ready to fly them. They were available for charter flights, and tour operators began to use them for European destinations, such as Paris and Ostend.Vladimir Raitz pioneered modern package tourism when on 20 May 1950 his company, Horizon, provided arrangements for a two-week holiday in Corsica. For an all inclusive price of £32.10s.- (£32.50), holiday makers could sleep under canvas, sample local wines and eat a meal containing meat twice a day – what a treat – there was still meat rationing in the UK!.

15

Other issuesOther issuesSpain was a very cheap destinationSpain and the Balearic Islands became major tourist destinations, and development probably peaked in the 1980s. At the same time, British tour operators developed the Algarve in Portugal. The continuing search for new, cheaper, destinations spread mass tourism to the Greek Islands, Italy, Tunisia, Morocco, parts of the coast of Turkey, and more recently Croatia.

16

More interesting places are More interesting places are expectedexpected

The kind of places people wanted to go and the things they wanted to do changed over the yearsShort breaks became more popular. People liked to have weekends in European cities or country hotels in the UK Tourists have higher incomes and more leisure time. They are also better educated and they are interested in different things, like art and historyTents were not good enough. They enjoy a bit more luxury! This has resulted in the following trends:-The old 'sun, sea, and sand' mass market has fragmented. People want more specialised versions of it, such as 'Club 18 -30', quieter resorts with select hotels, self-catering, etc.

17

More changesMore changesCheaper flights on bigger planes mean that more people can afford to travel longer distances to places such as Thailand and KenyaThe development of a mass cruise holiday market. Low budget airline that land at small regional airports have made new areas accessible Some people (particularly the 45+ and retired) have taken on a tourism lifestyle, – They eat out several times a week, – Go to the theatre, – Have daytrips– Take in short breaks several times a year.

18

More changesMore changesThere have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and terrorist threats to tourist destinations such as Bali and European cities. Some places are not so popular because too much building have made them less pleasant places to visit, e.g. Spain's Costa Brava, Sustainable tourism is becoming more popular as people start to realize the devastating effects tourism can have on communities.Tourism is now growing at a very rapid rate in many LICs, where it is often the most important economic activity in the area.The internet has made finding out about and booking holidays much easier

19

Tourism NowTourism Now

OK, my holiday. What do I

hope to get out of it? Why am I

going?

20

Why do people go on Why do people go on holiday?holiday?

To see new placesTo swim in the sea and dig sand castlesTo enjoy warm sunny weatherTo do things they enjoyTo try new activitiesTo learn about thingsTo relaxTo meet new peopleTo visit family and friends

21

In the pastIn the pastIf people were visiting family or friends, they would write and ask– I am talking about the time before

telephones!

They might send a telegraph when they set offIf they were going to a hotel, they would have heard about it from friends and would write to manager to book rooms

22

The main points from this The main points from this are ..are ..

Back then, tourism was not an industry as it is todayTrue, you had – people who worked for the railway– people who worked in hotels– people who worked for the shipping companies

But they were not joined up into one big industryThey did look after travellers, but that was not the main task

23

Think of all the people who Think of all the people who now have jobs in the now have jobs in the

tourist industrytourist industryRemember to include all the extra facilities

an area might be there because it is a tourist area

e.g. a tourist area may have more cafes than another similar place without a tourist attraction

24

Going back to economic Going back to economic activityactivity

Farming and mining are what sort of economic activity? Because?Factories are what sort? Because?Schools and hospitals are? Because?Scientists carry out what sort of activity? Because?Which group does tourism mainly fit into?

25

Also remember you do not Also remember you do not havehave to to be staying away from home to be a be staying away from home to be a

touristtouristRecall that tourism isVisiting places that you would not normally go to in your everyday life for interest, relaxation, activity or educationWhere could you go and be a tourist within, say, an hour’s travel of where you live?

26

But it is not all good!But it is not all good!

Imagine living near a tourist attractionIt could mean that you have a job when you would otherwise be unemployedIt could be that some of the cafes would have closed without itBut …… (what could be the bad things about living near a tourist attraction?)

27

ReviewReviewPeople become tourists for many different reasonsA lot of different attractions can be tourist attractionsThere are many services that support any tourist attraction (and this means jobs and money coming into the area)You do not have to go a long way away from home to be a touristBut tourism is not all good for the people who live nearby!

28

HomeworkHomeworkChoose a tourist attraction near your home or one that you know really wellDescribe what it is you see/do or learn thereDescribe the extra facilities there are because it is a tourist attraction (you might not KNOW the answer to this, but you can make a very good guess!)List the jobs that tourism is likely to bring to that areaImagine you live nearby and explain what problems you would be worried about

What is your tourist attraction Describe what people can see/ do/ enjoy when they visit it Describe the extra facilities there are because it is a tourist attraction (you might not KNOW the answer to this, but you can make a very good guess!) List the extra jobs that are provided by this tourist attraction What would be the disadvantages to local people of having a tourist attraction of the that type in this place? You may like to add pictures/ maps if you can find them on a website perhaps?