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TURKEY

POULTRY BIOSECURITY

Backyard and Small Scale Commercial

Production

TURKEY

POULTRY BIOSECURITY

Backyard and Small Scale Commercial

Production

Nedret Durutan and Cüneyt Okan

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first AI case in Turkey

MANYAS, October 2005, free range turkeys

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field studies conducted field studies conducted

– Feb 2006: Assessment of AI Impact on Backyard Poultry

– April/May 2007 : Poultry Keeping Systems and Biosecurity

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provinces visited (42 settlement areas in 12 provinces)provinces information collected by questionnaires (12 settlement areas in 7 provinces)

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methods usedmethods used

• focus group meetings

• interviews

• distant surveys

• over 600 stakeholders were contacted

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methods usedmethods used

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STUDY I: An Assessment of AI Impact on Backyard

Poultry

STUDY I: An Assessment of AI Impact on Backyard

Poultry

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objectivesobjectives• to assess:

– nature of the backyard poultry,

– impact of AI particularly on smallholders,

– level of preparedness at the individual and community level

– factors hindering the implementation of disease control plans

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major findings

the nature of backyard poultry

• the reason for keeping• income• caretakers• source of animals• shelter• feed• veterinary services

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major findings

the majority want to keep backyard poultry

• to provide fresh eggs and meat for the family

• to offer guests• to barter in the village• to provide pocket money for women • to provide income (selling oversupply)• as companion animals and hobby

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major findings

rural people believe:

• there is no AI but ND

• AI is not dangerous

• lab tests could be inaccurate

• AI is government’s problem

denial / disbelief

taking measures and implementing disease

control plans

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major findings

public awareness material did not emphasize:

– AI is different from ND

– AI risk is not temporary

– animals looking healthy could be infected and transmit disease

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major findings

communication during and after AI crisis

– inconsistent, insufficient and random messages from too many sources

– poor information dissemination at the village level

– lack of guidance on the future of the backyard poultry

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STUDY II:Poultry Keeping

Systems and Biosecurity

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objectives objectives

• to review the current biosecurity situation at all levels of the poultry sector (FAO defined sectors 3-4)

• identify risk areas

• develop pilot projects

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major findings

common biosecurity perception

“biosecurity is to protect one’s own flock from diseases”

this dictates

how the stakeholders act

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major findings

• big actors of the sector are concerned about the backyard

• backyard growers and small scale producers do not analyze the situation and develop own preventive measures

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Vaillancourt 2002: list of top biosecurity risks (16)

assessment (yes /no) yes: indicate risk

– large export oriented broiler producers– small scale locally operating broiler companies

– egg producers– backyard growers

major findings

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major findings

Sectorrisk (%)

low low-moderate

moderate-high

high

large scale export oriented broiler prod. 13%

small scale locally operating broiler prod. 47%

egg production 60%

backyard production 100%

external sources need to be controlled

some improvements needed

considerable & immediate

improvements needed

immediate

action needed

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behavioral patterns in biosecurity applications

1. a set of biosecurity measures were taken (Vaillancourt 2002)

2. poultry producers’ behaviors in applications of these were questioned (as always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, not practiced)

3. for those that are not applied as habit (always and frequently) costs were reviewed (as the cheapest, cheaper, expensive, most expensive) whether those are affordable

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biosecurity measuresbiosecurity measures

• visitor related• grower and employees• company or farm policies• physical farm attributes• management• sanitation• transportation• regional

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major findings: HABIT

high-benefit biosecurity measuresbackyard production

always -frequently -sometimes 5%seldom 11%not practiced 84%

nothing is practiced as a habit, mindset needs to be changed totally

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HABIT

high-benefit biosecurity measuresegg producersegg producers

always 12%frequently -sometimes 42%seldom 31%not practiced 15%

only 12% of the measures are routinely practiced, major improvements needed

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HABIT

high-benefit biosecurity measures small scale locally operating broiler companies

always 22%frequently -sometimes 41%seldom 19%not practiced 18%

22% of the measures are routinely practiced, serious efforts needed for improvement

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major findings: COST

cost of measuresbackyard production

cheapest 32%cheaper 42%expensive 16%most expensive 10%

at least 74% of the measures are highly affordable

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COST

cost of measuresegg producers

cheapest 31%cheaper 35%expensive 30%most expensive 4%

65% of the measures that are not practiced routinely are highly affordable

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COST

cost of measuressmall scale, locally operating

broiler companies

cheapest 33%cheaper 38%expensive 24%most expensive 5%

71% of the measures that are not routinely practiced involve low cost, cost is not a barrier for non-compliance

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what is needed?

mindset change

behavior change

developing awareness

filling the information gaps

effective enforcing of measures

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status of backyard production (in 2007)

• in villages where culling took place, restocking has been done or is contemplated,

• those who drop backyard production due to unsuppressed fear are contemplating re-starting production,

major findings: backyard

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• some adopted “wait and see” attitude,

• few seemed to have stopped, at least for the time being,

major findings

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misconceptions and beliefs

• the major barrier in convincing the rural populations that AI is dangerous

• their past experience with the New Castle Disease

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

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misconceptions and beliefs

• AI was a one-time problem, no mass poultry and human deaths in the country

• wetlands are not a problem, ducks and geese always wonder around, nothing happened

• wild birds are healthy, hunting them is not a problem

• spent hen trade for re-stocking does not pose any problem

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misconceptions and beliefs

unless:

• the differences of AI and ND are explained well to the rural people

• they understand, realize, and believe that these two diseases are different

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misconceptions and beliefs

they will continue to:

see no harm in contacting the sick animals without taking any

measures

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misconceptions and beliefs

they will continue to:

contact with the wild birds and their habitat

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misconceptions and beliefs

they will continue to:

let the backyard poultry roam freely

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misconceptions and beliefs

they will continue to:

buy and sell chicks in the market

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identifying riskidentifying risk

• a set of criteria was developed by taking the various modes of AI spread,

• the outbreaks in Turkey did not coincide necessarily with each and every criteria

• the probabilities increase as a result of their singular or combined occurrence and they are considered as basic indicators of risk

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criteria usedcriteria used

• wetlands

• major wild bird migration routes

• high poultry population

• high concentration of asymptomatic carriers

• high rural population

• high population (human density)

• high agricultural activity

• large rice fields

• prolonged winters

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an example: wetlandsan example: wetlands

• reed cutting

• hunting

• fishing

• livestock grazing

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risk matrixrisk matrix

province

criteria

score

on wild migration route

high no. of turkey

……………….

high agricultural activity

high no. days with frost

Adana + + 2

Hatay + ++ + 4

………….

Samsun + +++++ + 7

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provinces and risk categories

provinces and risk categories

total score

risk category

provinces

less than 2

moderate 24

3-4 high 31

more than 5

significant

Balıkesir, Sakarya, Mersin, Manisa, Konya , Samsun, Muş

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pilot projects pilot projects

• I : Mobile Information Kiosks for Rural Markets in Significant Risk Areas

• II : Monitoring Spent Hen Trade

• III: Risk Reduction in Backyard Poultry

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pilot projects pilot projects

• IV : Improving the Perceptions of Biosecurity Risks for Small and Medium Scale Commercial Broiler and Egg Producers

• V :Building AI Awareness for Wetland Users

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Mobile Information Kiosks for Rural Markets in

Significant Risk Areas

Mobile Information Kiosks for Rural Markets in

Significant Risk Areas

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objectivesobjectives

• to improve knowledge, awareness and vigilance in significant risk areas

• by taking the information sources to locations where information exchange regularly takes place

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objectivesobjectives

• facilitate face-to-face communication between the villagers and the professionals

• to make the verbal and audio-visual information available to large audience in a cost effective manner

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project description project description

• a vehicle

• a team of professionals ( for animal and human health-at least one female)

• public awareness and training equipment and material

• local market schedule

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Monitoring Spent HenTrade Monitoring Spent HenTrade

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objectivesobjectives

• to ensure that the spent hens reach the intended slaughterhouses to be disposed

• to improve the monitoring of spent layer transportation

• to reduce the illicit live poultry trade

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project description project description

• a three-pillar, internet-based monitoring system will be established:

1.points of origin2.destination3.slaughterhouses

• the web site will be accessible both by the PDAs and slaughterers,

• master access at the General Directorate level

• TA, training and a web server

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expected results expected results

• improved enforcement of live poultry trade bans

• reduced time required to monitor transportation

• improved accuracy of data and information

• reduced workloads at PDA for tracking transport

• improved efficiency in data collection and compilation

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Risk Reduction in Backyard Poultry

Risk Reduction in Backyard Poultry

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objectivesobjectives

to enhance biosecurity:

•to prevent disease outbreaks •facilitate containment•to control in case of AI outbreaks by reducing risks stemming from backyard poultry

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expected resultsexpected results

• better informed poultry keepers about the risks

• enhanced biosecurity for backyard and commercial poultry, companies, individuals

• improved understanding of disease situation by the poultry owner: educated guess about the possible reasons: ND or AI ?

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expected resultsexpected results

• timely reporting of AI suspected cases to the authorities

• timely interventions to protect the family members and village community from AI

• reduced need for restocking due to the losses stemming from mismanagement

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project interventionsproject interventions

1. protection2. training

protection

– from direct and/or indirect contamination through enclosure

– against ND by increasing the specific immunity of the animals (vaccination)

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project interventionsproject interventions

physical protection (enclosure)

– full protection: fenced perimeter of a run area with sealed top in significant risk areas

– partial protection: fenced perimeter with an open top in lower risk areas

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project interventionsproject interventions

training

– misconceptions about AI– symptoms of ND and AI– modes of disease spread– disease prevention– practical vaccination– basic hygiene practices (kitchen)– simple record keeping

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Improving the Perceptions of Biosecurity Risks for Small and Medium Scale

Commercial Broiler and Egg Producers

Improving the Perceptions of Biosecurity Risks for Small and Medium Scale

Commercial Broiler and Egg Producers

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objectivesobjectives

• develop or improve biosecurity awareness in the owners and labor force of small poultry enterprises

• improve the ability of the owners in assessing biosecurity risks for their assets, employees and their families, other enterprises and humans

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objectivesobjectives

• make the owners understand the cost-worthiness of investing in biosecurity measures

• improve awareness in the labor force about the potential health risks

• to contribute to the development of habit in practicing biosecurity measures

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project interventionsproject interventions

training program

• BESD-BIR and YUM-Bir will identify the enterprises and localities

• program will separately target owners employees

• classroom and field training

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Building Awareness for Wetland Users

Building Awareness for Wetland Users

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objectivesobjectives

• create awareness about the contamination risks associated with the wetlands

• to reduce the risks to the direct users (reed cutters, hunters, fishermen and shepherds)

• create awareness about the contamination risks for the family members, to the community, backyard poultry and shared spaces, vehicles and equipment

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project interventions project interventions

• baseline survey

• development of training material

• training

• impact assessment

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Q & AQ & A

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major findings

patterns of use of different biosecurity measures

– nature of the operation (local, ntl, export)

– size of business and/or flocks

– proximity to high risk areas

– density of premises and backyard in proximity

– perception of owners, managers, workers

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Vaillancourt’s top risks

Vaillancourt’s top risks

72 poultry health specialists expert opinion

• people issues • environment and flock characteristics

• bird and animal issues

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Vaillancourt’s top measures

(highest benefits)

Vaillancourt’s top measures

(highest benefits)

cost

»Ykr: negligible»YTL, YTL, YTL: expensive

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expected results: MIKs expected results: MIKs

• informative documentation from different sources (NGOs, private sector, various gov. agencies) will be easily distributed

• village administration can obtained the material at required amount

• public announcements regarding updates on AI can be easily made

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expected results: MIKs expected results: MIKs

• more targeted audience will be reached

• collaboration between human and animal health agencies will be better coordinated

• locally targeted information to clusters of villages will be effectively disseminated

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expected results: improving perceptionexpected results:

improving perception

• facilitating changes in the perception of biosecurity risks

• skills developed to assess the risks

• making the owners understand the cost-effectiveness of investing in biosecurity measures.

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expected results: wetlands

expected results: wetlands

• better informed wetland users about the modes of AI spread

• better informed individuals about the high risk periods for the wetlands,

• improved ability for self risk assessment

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expected results: wetlands

expected results: wetlands

• improved understanding of the importance of use of basic protective gear and disinfectants

• improved personal hygiene for the direct users and the associated people including families

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expected results: wetlands

expected results: wetlands

• better informed individuals about the AI symptoms in wild birds, poultry and humans

• improved awareness about the importance of early reporting of suspected cases for wild birds, poultry and humans